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Because they contain N functions, the dyes were screened in vitro for anti bacteriuml application of over 0,000 tested dyes none showed any antibiotic activity However, In vivo studies with mice, that had been infected with a bacterial culture, showed that several dyes counteracted gram-positive bacterial Intections. HDR. F. 2013 Prontosll Gerhard Domagk (Nobel Prize, 1939) was a research scientist at l. c. Farbenlndustrle,a German manufacturer of dyes and other chemical substances. He carried out studies that showed Prontosil to be an effective antibacterial agent.When Domagks daughter developed a streptococcal Infection (having incinerate her finger), and was in danger of having an arm amputated (or worse), she was the inaugural patient to receive rontosil and be cured by it (1935). Prontosil trustworthy wider tame when it was used to save the lite ot Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr. , son of the US president. HDR-F-2013 infected with a bacterial culture. Several dyes were found to c ounteract gram-positive bacterial infections. NH2 o s Prontosil Later it was discovered that, in living organisms, Prontosil is born-again to sulfanilamide, and that sulfanilamide was the actual dynamic compound.Sulfanilamide contains the synthesis of folic acid, which is an essential chemical compound for bacterial growth. Penicillin bacterial infections in 1941. By 1943, penicillin was being produced for the military and was first used for war casualties in Sicily and Tunsia. CH3 Penicillins act by modifying an enzyme involved in the synthesis ofa a bacteriums cell wall. the synthesis of bacteriums cell wall. Actively growing bacteria die because they atomic number 18are Actively growing bacteria die because they unable to produce a a in operation(p) cell wall. unable to produce functional cell wall.Penicillins have no effect on mammal cells because they are not enclosed by cell walls. The first penicillin was isolated in in 1938 and The first penicillin was isolated 1938 an d ound to cure bacterial infections in in mice. was found to cure bacterial infections mice. It It was used successfully in nine cases ofof human used successfully in nine cases human Hormones Hormones are chemical messengers entire compounds synthesized in glands and deliver-coloreded by the bloodstream to target tissues in order to stimulate or inhibit some biochemical process. some hormones are steroids.Remember All steroids contain a tetracyclic ring system. The most verdant member of the steroid family in anlmals (ana numans) Is cnolestero of all other steroids. Steroids c t Is tne precursor Steroids are organic compounds that contain four cycloalkane rings, triplet cyclohexane rings and one cyclopentane ring they are Joined (fused) in a specific way. The steroid core has 20 C atoms, 17 form the four rings, plus three methyl groups. sack to HORMONES Sex The sex hormones are divided into three groups (1) the male sex hormones, or androgens (2) the feminine sex hormones, o r estrogens (3) the pregnancy hormones, or progestins.All sex hormones are steroids. ster010s perTorm many Tunctlons n melt Regulation of secondary sexual characteristics Reproduction and lock of the reproductive cycle Regulation of metabolism Examples estradiol (an estrogen) testosterone (an androgen) Progesterone and the gestagens Digestion of fat Cell membrane component Cholic acid bile salts Cholesterol Cortisol cortisone derivatives This is the basic carbon skeleton for all steroids. 10. 7 Testosterone, the principal male sex hormone, is responsible for male secondary sex characteristics.Synthetic testosterone analogs (anabolic steroids) are used in medicine to promote muscle and tissue growth, e. g. , patients with goodish atrophy. Anabolic steroids are used illegally, most usually by body builders and athletes. The health risks are numerous, including liver cancer, coronary neart Olsease, ana s er Estradiol is the principal female sex hormone. It is responsible for the development of the female secondary sex characteristics and participates in the control of the menstrual cycle.Progesterone is an example of a progestin it prepares the uterus for the nidation of a fertilized egg. Synthetic analogs of progesterone and estradiol are the active agents in the birth control pill, allowing for control of the menstrual cycle and ovulation. An estimated 50 to 60 million women worldwide use the pill as the prime form of ontraception. Drug Use RU-486, The Abortion Pill RI-J-486 acts as an antagonist a medicate that fits into a receptor site, but does not have the customary effect as does another dose in this case the other do do drugss is progesterone.Cortisone Cortisone, used extensively in the treatment of rheumatoid inflammations, is one of the adrenocortical hormones produced in the outer part of the adrenal gland. These hormones participate in regulating the electrolyte and water balance in the body, as well as in protein and carbohydrate metabolis m. Ethics of Methotrexate is a prescription drug used in the reatment of breast cancer. It can be used to block the action of folic acid, which is required for popular cell Olvlslon ana growtn 0T an emoryo.LIKe RI-J-486, it can be used to induce abortion in the weeks of pregnancy. Once a drug is approved by the FDA, a physician can prescribe it for purposes not originally intended by the drug manufacturer. Medicines Prescription, Generic, and the pioneer drug, but cannot Prescription, is chemically equivalent to Over-the-counter be A generic drug Generic, and Over-the-counter marketed until the ostensible protection on the pioneer drug has run out by and by 20 ears.A generic drug is chemically equivalent to the pioneer drug, but cannot be A generic drug is chemically equivalent to the pioneer drug, but cannot be marketed until the patent protection on the pioneer drug has run The lower priced drug protection on the pioneer its generic name,out after 20 marketed until the patent commonly marketed under drug has run out in this20 after case alprazolam instead of Xanax. The lower priced drug commonly marketed under its generic name, in this The lower priced druginstead of Xanax. case alprazolam commonly marketed under its generic name, in thisPrescription, Generic, and Over-the-counter A generic drug is chemically equivalent to the pioneer drug, but cannot be marketed until the patent protection on the pioneer drug has run out after 20 years. 10. 10 The lower priced drug commonly marketed under its generic name, in this case alprazolam instead of Xanax. 10. 1 Heroal Remeales 10. 11 Ephedra Ephedra used safely for thousands of years as herbal tea remedy known as Ma Huang. In 2003, several deaths related to the ingredients led the FDA (in 2004) to ban ephedra products. At this time, there are ongoing discussions to make the product available again.The herb contains the amphetamine-like alkaloids ephedrine and the less active pseudoephedrine. Pseudoephedrene is used as a decongestant Ephedrine is a bronchodilator (opens the airways), and a stimulant Drugs of Abuse Ephreda was responsible for the deaths of over 80 people. An ephreda manufacturer challenged the FDA ban in court, claiming that the FDA had failed to prove that ephreda was not safe at low doses. In 2006, the US Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit upheld the FDAs ban on ephreda. Heroin Morphin diacetylmorphin, alkaloid in opium chemically modified spicy the abused natural drugTetrahydrocannabinol Marijuana A9-tetrahydrocannabinol is the principal psychoactive component of the cannabis plant (marijuana), the most commonly abused illicit drug in the US effects include euphoria and anxiety. Medical uses are being discussed legal in some states the Federal Government is opposed. One way to look at drugs is to classify them by their medical usefulness and their potential of abuse. Drugs of abuse can also be assort by their tendency to lead to physical dependence (addiction) vs. the physical harm they inflict on the user. Many addictive drugs are also highly detrimental to uman health.OxyconBn OxyContin contains oxycodone Oxycodone has been used safely for many years. But this look includes a time-released mechanism for long-lasting treatment of chronic pain. Drug abusers quickly determined how to get round the time-release and were able to rapidly ingest large amounts of oxycodone. The effects were said to be similar to heroin. Over-prescribed in the Appalachian areas in late 1990s and early 2000s. Many became addicted. An Amino Acid serotonin Tryptophan is converted to serotonin, an antidepressant, which is converted to melotonin, inducing drowsiness