Paleolithic Era - 767 Words

Within the Paleolithic era, many changes occurred from cultural to biological. Several of the changes the happened in this time period, have remained today. At the beginning of the Paleolithic era our primate ancestors existed, but by the end humans in our modern form existed across the world. Homo sapiens sapiens remains have been dated to 100,000 years ago. The emergence of art, the beginning of personal adornment, the domestication of the dog, and intentional burials started in this time period. Our ancestors began to express their creativity and individuality with the first forms of art. The two forms art were mural and portable art. â€Å"Mural art is paintings and engravings on the walls of caves† (Price 131). Mural art has†¦show more content†¦It is amazing that so many of today’s culture started so long ago. From the art hanging on living rooms walls and sculptures on fire place mantels to the jewelry most of the population wears and the pets t hat are pushed in strollers to the many rituals that surround death across the world all can be dated back to the Upper Paleolithic era. It appears that this is the time where modern humans began to embrace their creativity and individuality along with several other important innovations. References: Hirst, K. Kris. â€Å"How were Dogs Domesticated?† About.com. http://archaeology.about.com/od/domestications/qt/dogs.htm Price, T. Douglas and Feinman, Gary M. Images of the Past Fifth edition. New York: McGraw-Hill,Show MoreRelatedThe Neolithic Era And The Paleolithic Era2121 Words   |  9 Pagesi. The Paleolithic Era began at the beginning of human life and ended 12 thousand years ago. The era was given the nickname â€Å"The Old Stone Age† because stone was used both in tools and to make tools. One of the most important tools used by humans was the spear. Spears were made for hunting for food and protection from dangerous wildlife. During the Paleolithic Era the climate was much colder than the present. This made food limited so humans had to follow the migration of game. ii. Hunter-gatherersRead MoreUpper Paleolithic Era: Development of Homo Sapiens Essay1062 Words   |  5 Pagesof technology expanded rapidly in the Upper Paleolithic era. The technological and cognitive advances made by the growing Upper Paleolithic people changed their lives for the better and allowed them to adapt to their environment in innumerable ways. The Upper Paleolithic Era occurred about 50,000 years ago and lasted nearly one-tenth of the more widely known Stone Age Era(Guisepi). During this time, Homo Sapiens were leaving the Middle Paleolithic Era, where advancements such as; points, arrowsRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder Of The Paleolithic Era947 Words   |  4 Pagesthat, disorders weren’t even the first thing on people’s mind when they noticed some sort of abnormality in someone they’ve known or met. In fact, there is evidence that there are paintings that could potentially suggest DID was present in the Paleolithic era. The paintings consisted of shamans that changed into animal forms or spirits. It was also often confused with the idea that demonic possession was the most rational way to explain such an abnormal behavior (A History Of Dissociative IdentityRead MoreThe Evidence Of Cultural Behavior1003 Words   |  5 Pagesprimitive humans today. Cutting tools include notched flakes, jag ged flakes, and flake blades. African flint-knappers continued to make Mousterian stone tools until about 90,000 BC. Then, the next era of tools, then began. The Upper Paleolithic tools were dominant from 40,000 to 12,000 years ago. Paleolithic tool collections include scrapers, burins chisel,which are like stones for working bone and ivory, bone points, tooth necklaces, and abstract animal or human figures. These materials imply a similarRead MoreThe Neolithic Settlement Of Catal Huyuk971 Words   |  4 Pagesproducts. Considered a farming community, plants such as wheat, barley and peas, as well as, a variety of other grains and cereal along with the practice of raising cattle. Maize, wheat and peanut was used to produce oils. During the Paleolithic and Neolithic era, obsidian, volcanic glass, was traded in Catal Huyuk and used for making knives, spearheads and tools. The volcanic material was also transformed into mirrors for women who applied red ocher to their faces. The occupation of metalworkingRead MoreThe Year 1000 By Robert Lacey And Danny Danziger3776 Words   |  16 PagesAnglo-Saxons. There are many qualities that are the same, but also different when comparing the Year 1000 to the modern era of the 21st century. Within this paper, it will discuss about how the community, lifestyle, advances in technology, politics, and religion were formed in the Year 1000. It will also compare and constrast the Year 1000 to the Paleolithic and Neolithic era. The Paleolithic Era (or Old Stone Age) is a period of prehistory from about 2.6 million years ago to around 10000 years ago . ThereRead MoreThe Greatest Known Prehistoric Individual916 Words   |  4 Pagesrecording is called prehistory. In order to understand this period, one would obtain knowledge from research done by evolutionary biologists archaeologists. There was an evolutions for our ancestors called Homo sapiens. There was a paleolithic era and a Neolithic era that is significant with the transition to agriculture. When archaeologists had discovered a skeleton of a woman who died 3.2 million years ago, they had found the world s best known prehistoric individual. This skeleton was putRead MorePaleolithic vs Neolithic Cc Essay766 Words   |  4 Pagesmany diverse periods of time, one being the Stone Age. During the Stone Age there were two major subdivisions, the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods. The Paleolithic, which lasted until about 10,000 years ago, had a significant separating factor from the Neolithic, ending in 2000 B.C.E. This factor was the way in which the people in these periods acquired food. The Paleolithic people hunted and gathered their food while the Neolithic people produced their own food by agriculture. These two differentRead MoreThe Influence Of The Paleolithic Period And The Neolithic Period923 Words   |  4 Pageschanges or contributions to the humanities that occurred between the Paleolithic period and the and the Neolithic period are the different techniqu es developed to hunt, the importance of the human figures, and the architecture. Different techniques to hunt were shown by looking at wall paintings, in the Paleolithic era paintings were found in deep caves and showed a realism of the animals they depended on for food, where as the Neolithic era paintings were located on smooth limestone, beneath cliff hangsRead MoreIndian History : The Indian Sub Continent2414 Words   |  10 Pageslead to the partition of India and the creation of the republic of India and the adoption of the constitution. On the Indian sub continent oldest artifacts have been found dated from lower or early Paleolithic period 2.6 million years ago to 2 lakhs years before the present. In this lower Paleolithic era the earliest human settlement in south Asia was identified with the help of the abundance of stone tool assemblage. Sohanian culture and Acheulian culture were the two earliest distinct culture and

‘Scrooges decision to change his way of life is purely...

‘Scrooges decision to change his way of life is purely selfish’ Do you agree? Charles Dickens’ A Christmas Carol is a moral tale that depicts the protagonist’s Ebenezer Scrooge’s moral journey from selfishness to redemption. It can be seen that his new found way of life is derived from the desire to be a good man of the community and to assist others such as Tiny Tim. The idea of Scrooge’s transformation not being selfish can also be seen in his aspiration to contribute to the wider community that suffers from a poverty stricken way of life. In addition to this, Scrooge also reforms his way of life in order to feel love and care from family, which satisfied his nephew Fred aswell as himself. However, this selflessness is only to an†¦show more content†¦The vivid images of the plight of the poor that are presented to Scrooge ultimately act as a catalyst for him to change his miserly ways in order to help the destitute and the needy in society. St the beginning of the novella Scrooge states â€Å"if they would rather dieâ₠¬ ¦they had better do it, and decrease the surplus population†. In contrast, at the end of the novella Scrooge is depicted as a benevolent man who is â€Å"so fluttered and glowing with his good intentions†, who wished to help the lest fortunate. The personified children â€Å"Ignorance† and â€Å"Want† act as a catalyst for Scrooge to change his derisory and self-interested nature as he shows interest in the plight of the poor as he is shocked by these two â€Å"ragged, scowling† demons by saying ‘ â€Å"are there no refugee or resource?† The Ghost states that â€Å"there is no degradation, no perversion of humanity† for these â€Å"wretched, abject, frightful,† children, which makes Scrooge realise that he needs to change in order to assist them as he â€Å"hung his head, overwhelmed with penitence and grief†. This, it is illustrated in the novella that Scrooge transforms his previous, pessimistic self, into an in dividual who is no just self-interested, but who becomes responsible and generous to the poor by the end of the novel. Scrooge’s reclamation also occurs in order for him to create a relationship with his nephew Fred, who is yearning for familial connection, which shows that Scrooge wished

Quality Improvement Indigenous Systems †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Quality Improvement Indigenous Systems. Answer: Introduction: Culture is the way people live in the society. When the director wanted to promote the project in the organization, she establishes that the community considers the children as sacred. The issue of children holy is used to mend the broken relationship in the society. The community needs to be united for the concerns to be realized (Cunningham et al. 2016). For instance, when the circled team set their feet in the city, they collected the higher ranked people in the society. The leaders included the elders, grandmothers, teenagers and lastly the little children in the community. After learning the members of the society live, it was straightforward to build a healthy community and pass information concerning health care (Drummond et al.2015). From the video, the broken relationship within the community is amended through embracing the way they used to live before. The facilitators collect the members of the society, and they make stories together as they engage each other. This engagement gives a room for expressing anything wrong and amending where necessary. When people are aware of what needs to be done at any particular time, promotion of health care services becomes easier (Hunter et al.2017). From the video, the director of the says that they have come to the community to educate them on the importance of valuing the health of the children. The elder in the community admits that at first the city was united and diseases were rare in children. However, the unity disappeared after some time. The members of the community are collected in the circle down the tree for the awareness. In the gathering, everybody gets the opportunity to express his or her idea. The directors then teach the community the way to go. The circle group is enhancing the education through various methods. The meals have been prepared; people are eating as they happily share the stories. The first principle that is evident in the video is the cooperation of every individual in the society. Elders give the best direction when it comes to how to handle the community issues. When members of the organization cooperate, health promotion goals are easy to achieve. From the video, the trainers are first collecting the members of the society under a tree. The main reason to manage the people is to ensure that everyone gets involved in the promotion of a healthy community. For each to cooperate, members of the society from high rank to the lower ones must come together. For instance, elders, grandmothers, youths and the little children come together under the tree to be the educated on the healthy society. When everyone is brought together during the health promotion, even the young ones grow with the idea to promote a healthy culture. From the video, the circle where the community has gathered makes them read from the same page as the idea of healthy society is promoted. The second principle evident in the video is the willingness of the members of the society to take part in the health promotion. When visitors come to promote a healthy community, it is essential that the residents should take the first activities in ensuring the dream is achieved. However, lack of proper resident participation may make the efforts no go where. In the video, every person in the society is taking part in the promotion talks. Women are preparing food as people gather to share information with each other. The other important thing is that the elders are also willing to provide the history of the society. When the elder compares the older days to date, there is a big difference since children are no longer treated as sacred creatures. The trainers are assisting in mending the situation by collecting and training the children on the practice of a healthy society. Apparently, the elders say that the coming of the Europeans in the area is the source of the problem. The lif estyle in the organization has changed since then, and there is need to mend the situation. There it is evident that the community participation is a principle in promoting good health. The priority is the injury prevention and control (Tilahun, et al.2017). When the community comes together, they prevent the occurrence of any damage. The damages may include child abuse and decimation. The sharing of ideas when the city comes along ensures that any damage that had already occurred is addressed and there is no future repeat of the same. Children and women have been engaged in the discussion in the video, and this brings equality. In the community talked about in the video, the population had already interfered with the relation that was there initially. In the recent days, as stated by the elder taking part in the talk, children are not valued as it used to be in the past. There are several diseases compared to the past where children were eating most of the things including fish, and the constant conditions were not present at any moment. The trainers are looking forward to building the united community that was there before. Another important thing here is that aft er the meeting organized down the tree, the society may not encounter other problems such as the child abuse. The man seemed to be superior to the other people such as children and women, but after the training, it is evident that the community will move in the correct direction. The most important aim of the exercise is to build a healthy community where the health of each one is in a good state. Cultural competence is the ability to handle the problems in a society with the way people live in a society (Murphy et al.2015). The other thing is that whether the culture of the community is at good status when used. From the video, the culture of the people was embraced when they sat circularly and discussed their problems. They practiced cultural event while here like making chapatti using the old method. This cultural competency is crucial because it eased the work of the facilitator. When applying artistic practice, the type of culture chosen should be of a suitable type. It should be the one teaching children on how to be together and embrace unity. From the video, it is easier to bring the primary health care in a united community. The use of the culture of the city by the trainers has helped in achieving the goal of the promotion. For example, sitting around a circle has enabled almost everybody to express his or her concern openly. There is no decimation while one is expre ssing his or her views. On the other hand, observing the culture of the society is essential in developing the program of health promotion in a community. People feel that they are part of the program and taking point home is very easy. It easier for a person to deal with what he or she is familiar with in any situation. When you teach people because of their culture, they usually get excited and participate in the matter one hundred percent. The other thing that is important to observe while preparing such forums is the welfare of the concerned people. For instance, in the video, the trainers opted to make food for the members of the society while educating them on health promotion matters. Therefore, while organizing such forums, studying the cultural competence of the community is necessary. When these issues are reviewed before hosting the program, it is easier to educate that society. References Cunningham, F. C., Ferguson-Hill, S., Matthews, V., Bailie, R. (2016). Leveraging quality improvement through use of the Systems Assessment Tool in Indigenous primary health care services: a mixed methods study.BMC health services research,16(1), 583. Drummond, M. F., Sculpher, M. J., Claxton, K., Stoddart, G. L., Torrance, G. W. (2015).Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. Oxford university press. Hunter, C. L., Goodie, J. L., Oordt, M. S., Dobmeyer, A. C. (2017).Integrated behavioral health in primary care: Step-by-step guidance for assessment and intervention. American Psychological Association. Murphy, K., Chuma, T., Mathews, C., Steyn, K., Levitt, N. (2015). A qualitative study of the experiences of care and motivation for effective self-management among diabetic and hypertensive patients attending public sector primary health care services in South Africa.BMC health services research,15(1), 303. Tilahun, D., Hanlon, C., Araya, M., Davey, B., Hoekstra, R. A., Fekadu, A. (2017). Training needs and perspectives of community health workers in relation to integrating child mental health care into primary health care in a rural setting in sub-Saharan Africa: a mixed methods study.International journal of mental health systems,11(1), 15.

Marijuana vs Tobacco Essay Example

Marijuana vs Tobacco Paper Marihuana Vs Tobacco Nowadays there is a big dilemma to whether legalize marijuana or not and whether marijuana is really a lot more dangerous than tobacco. There are big differences between the two of them, but there is, without any doubt, one that has a lot more negative effects on the human body and the human brain than the other. Due to research we can compare them and conclude which one is worse. Marijuana is a green, brown, or gray mixture of dried, shredded leaves, stems, seeds, and flowers of the hemp plant (Cannabis sativa). Cannabis is a term that refers to marijuana and other drugs made from the same plant. Other forms of cannabis include hashish, and hash oil. All forms of cannabis are mind-altering drugs (Zimmer and Morgan 1). The main active chemical in marijuana is THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol). Short-term effects of marijuana use include problems with memory and learning, distorted perception, difficulty in thinking and problem solving, loss of coordination, increased heart rate, and anxiety (Zimmer and Morgan 1-2). Marijuana is usually smoked as a cigarette (called a joint) or in a pipe or â€Å"bong†. Marijuana has also appeared in blunts, which are cigars that have been emptied of tobacco and refilled with marijuana, sometimes in combination with another drug, such as crack. It can also be mixed into foods or used to brew a tea (Zimmer and Morgan 2). According to the Palo Alto Medical Foundation tobacco is an agricultural crop that is used to make cigarettes. It is grown all over the world and supports a billion-dollar industry. Tobacco is dried and processed, then either placed into cigarettes and processed, or manufactured for chewing tobacco. We will write a custom essay sample on Marijuana vs Tobacco specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marijuana vs Tobacco specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marijuana vs Tobacco specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The psychoactive ingredient is nicotine, a stimulant, but more than 4,000 other chemicals (2,000 of which are known to be poisonous) are present in cigarettes (Health). Tobacco is a nervous system stimulant that triggers complex biochemical and neurotransmitter disruptions. It elevates heart rate and blood pressure, constricts blood vessels, irritates lung tissue, and diminishes your ability to taste and smell (Health). Many people think smoking marijuana is just as harmful as smoking tobacco, but this is not true. Those who hold that marijuana is equivalent to tobacco are misinformed. Due to the efforts of various federal agencies to discourage the use of marijuana in the 1970s the government conducted several biased studies designed to return results that would equate marijuana smoking with tobacco smoking, or worse. For example the Berkeley carcinogenic tar studies of the late 1970s concluded that marijuana is one-and-a-half times as carcinogenic as tobacco. This finding was based solely on the tar content of cannabis leaves compared to that of tobacco, and did not take radioactivity into consideration. Cannabis tars do not contain radioactive materials. ) In addition, it was not considered that: 1) Most marijuana smokers smoke the bud, not the leaf, of the plant. The bud contains only 33% as much tar as tobacco. 2) Marijuana smokers do not smoke anywhere near as much as tobacco smokers, due to the psychoactive effects of cannabis. 3) Not one case of lung cancer has ever been successfully linked to marijuana use. 4) Cannabis, unlike tobacco, does not cause any narrowing of the small air passageways in the lungs (Howard). In fact, marijuana has been shown to be an expectorant and actually dilates the air channels it comes in contact with. This is why many asthma sufferers look to marijuana to provide relief. Doctors have postulated that marijuana may, in this respect, be more effective than all of the prescription drugs on the market (Howard). Studies even show that due to marijuanas ability to clear the lungs of smog, pollutants, and cigarette smoke, it may actually reduce your risk of emphysema, bronchitis, and lung cancer. Smokers of cannabis have been shown to outlive non-smokers in some areas by up to two years. Medium to heavy tobacco smokers will live seven to ten years longer if they also smoke marijuana. Cannabis is also radically different from tobacco in that it does not contain nicotine and is not addictive whatsoever. The psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, THC, has been accused of causing brain and genetic damage, but these studies have all been disproven. In fact, the DEAs own Administrative Law Judge has declared that marijuana in its natural form is far safer than many foods we commonly consume (Young). Heavy marijuana smokers show less evidence of lung injury from smoking marijuana than heavy tobacco smokers, and it may be cannabinoids that are protecting them from developing a condition like emphysema. Thats according to the principal investigator of a study done at the University of California at Los Angeles (Young). Speaking at the third annual meeting of the International Cannabis Research Society a pulmonologist and UCLA professor of medicine, concluded:† heavy marijuana use did not cause the same degree of lung injury from smoking marijuana as tobacco smoke† (Tashkin). My own feeling is that marijuana smokers probably will not develop emphysema as a consequence of smoking marijuana, he said, but cautioned that does not rule out the development of other conditions like respiratory carcinoma. It may be that the THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) in marijuana could have different effects on inflammatory cells, which may mediate injury in the lung. (Gagnon) His study , which aimed to measure the pulmonary effects of habitual marijuana use, followed nine tobacco smokers, 10 marijuana smokers, 10 nonsmokers and four smokers of both marijuana and tobacco. He gave both quantitative and qualitative explanations for his finding. Marijuana users in the study smoked three or four joints daily for 15 years on average, while tobacco smokers in the study smoked 25 cigarettes daily over a period of 20 years, indicating a marked difference in exposure to smoke. There is a seven-fold difference in the amount of smoke to which marijuana and tobacco smokers are exposed, he said. Its the quantitative difference in smoke exposure that might explain the difference in the degree of lung injury as assessed by these physiologic indices. Moreover, the phagocytes gathered from the lungs of marijuana smokers do not have the same properties as those gathered from the lungs of tobacco smokers. We have previously shown that the macrophages that are harvested from the rinse-out of the lungs of marijuana smokers seem not to be activated, he said. They do not release toxic oxygen species, either under basal conditions or under stimulated conditions nearly to the extent that tobacco macrophages do. If anything, basal secretion of superoxide seems to be reduced in the marijuana smokers. â€Å"The clearance of the molecule diethylene triamine penta acetate (DTPA) from the lung, believed to be a more sensitive indicator of lung injury than measuring the lungs diffusing capacity† (Tashkin). If DTPA clearance is accelerated, then it implies an increase in the leakiness of the alveolar epithelial membrane, which implies injury to the membrane, he said. Dr. Tashkin noted DTPA clearance is accelerated in tobacco smoke- related lung injury. Initially, the chronic effects of marijuana smoke were measured in omparison to those of tobacco smoke: DTPA clearance was measured at about 12 hours after the last marijuana or tobacco cigarette smoked. To determine the acute effects of marijuana and tobacco smoking, Dr. Tashkin restudied these smokers a week or two later, giving them a single joint of marijuana or a single tobacco cigarette or both, and then measuring DTPA clearance 15 minutes subsequently. What we found was the clearance of DTPA was abnormally rapid from the lung in the tobacco smokers, he said. It was about twice the rate of non-smokers. In the marijuana smokers, there was a tendency toward a much less rapid rate of clearance. There was no acute effect in either tobacco or marijuana, and there was no added effect of marijuana or tobacco. (Tashkin) As with the lungs to tobacco smokers, when the lungs of marijuana smokers are washed out, a marked increase in the number of alveolar macrophages is witnessed. But whereas tobacco smoke has a concomitant effect of activating the macrophages, leading to the subsequent release of certain toxic substances, marijuana smoke fails to activate the macrophages, Dr. Tashkin said. He noted this difference could be attributed to differential regulation of cytokins. It may be that the macrophages from marijuana smokers release certain suppressive cytokins, like transforming growth factor- beta, which is known to suppress the inflammatory activity of nearly all of the site populations, he said. In an editorial called Comparing Cannabis with Tobacco posted by Dr. Dean Edell in September 22, 2003, he says that two large studies reported no increase in death associated with the use of cannabis. Even diseases that might be related to long term cannabis use are unlikely to have a sizeable public health impact because, unlike users of tobacco and alcohol, most people who try cannabis quit relatively early in their adult lives† (Edell 635-6). â€Å"Exposure to smoke is generally much lower in cannabis than in tobacco cigarette smokers, even taking into account the larger exposure per puff. Existing studies do not support a link between the use of ca nnabis and heart disease, the leading cause of death in many Western countries† (Edell 635-6). Furthermore, cannabis does not contain nicotine, a chemical contained in tobacco that is addicting and contributes to the risk of heart disease. However, two caveats must be noted regarding available data, warns Dr. Edell. Firstly, the studies to date have not followed cannabis smokers into later adult life so it might be too early to detect an increase risk of chronic diseases that are potentially associated with the use of cannabis. Secondly, the low rate of regular cannabis use and the high rate of discontinuation during young adulthood may reflect the illegality and social disapproval of the use of cannabis. This means that we cannot assume that smoking cannabis would continue to have the same small impact on mortality if its use were to be decriminalized or legalized. While the use of cannabis is not harmless, our current knowledge does not support the assertion that it has an adverse impact on death rates, says the author. ANNUAL AMERICAN DEATHS CAUSED BY DRUGS TOBACCO 400,000 ALCOHOL 100,000 ALL LEGAL DRUGS . 20,000 ALL ILLEGAL DRUGS.. 15,000 CAFFEINE .. ,000 ASPIRIN 500 MARIJUANA . 0 - Source: United States government National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bureau of Mortality Statistics Marijuana does not cause serious health problems like those caused by tobacco or alcohol (e. g. , strong addiction, cancer, heart problems, birth defects, emphysema, liver damage, etc. ). It is not more dangerous. Smoked tobacco, with a 90% addiction rate, is the most addictive of all drugs while marijuana is less addictive than caffeine. Cigarettes kill more than 400,000 people a year and there has never been a death reported from smoking marijuana. One would have to consume 40,000 times as much marijuana as you need to get stoned. Death from a marijuana overdose is impossible. Works Cited Edell, Dean. â€Å"Comparing cannabis with tobacco†. 22 September 2003. BMJ Volume 327, pp 635-6. ;http://www. healthcentral. com/drdean/408/60640. html; Howard, Geese. â€Å"Cigarrettes vs Marijuana. † Digg 23 September 2006 ;http://digg. com/health/Cigarettes_vs_Marijuana; Legalization of Marijuana. 10 February 2008. lt;http://www. legalizationofmarijuana. com; Tashkin, Donald, Francis Young and Louis Gagnon. Marijuana less harmful to lungs than Cigarrettes. Medical Post. 6 September 1994. ;http://uncletaz. com/marijuana/ potcig. html; What is Tobacco? Health Promotion Services, Vaden Health Center, Stanford University. February 2004. ;http://www. pamf. org/teen/risk/smoking/whatis. html; Zimmer, Lynn and John P. Mo rgan. Marijuana myths Marijuana Facts: A Review of the Scientific Evidence. August 1997. ;http://www. medicalmarihuana. ca/ books. html. ;