The Story of an Hour and The Yellow Wallpaper :: The Story of an Hour

The women in The Story of an Hour and The Yellow Wallpaper attempt to overcome their heaviness by finding an outlet. They tried to find something or do something that would comfort them. In The Story of an Hour, the window is the main symbol. Correspondingly, in The Yellow Wallpaper, the wallpaper itself is the main symbol.In The Story of an Hour, the window is what symbolizes Mrs. Mallards freedom in that she has new opportunities. She says that she is finally free, free body and soul. She says this because she realizes that she is finally free from her husband. It can be inferred from the story she was oppressed because she didnt have whatsoever opportunities in the past. The window is what releases her from her oppression by setting her free and giving her new opportunities that were not available to her in the past.In The Yellow Wallpaper, the wallpaper symbolizes her oppression in a way. In which Johns married woman sees a woman in the wallpaper. During the daytime the light m akes it look as if she is behind veto shaking them. However, during the night the woman in the wallpaper creep around. Johns Wife relates the woman in the wallpaper to herself by saying that she creeps in the daytime when John isnt around. However, during the night she is quite still because John is around and he will notice her. Johns wife tries to overcome her oppression by setting the woman free inside the wallpaper, in order to free her oppression. Which the house itself is a prison for her since John wont let her leave and that he keeps telling her that writing will make her worse, while it was only

Political Rap and Boogie Down Productions :: Rap Music B-D-P Essays

Political Rap and Boogie Down Productions In the fall of 1987, Scott la Rock, the DJ of the rap group Boogie Down Productions (B-D-P) was shot in a car after trying to break up a fight (Small 77). In light of B-D-Ps role in reforming rap in the deliver the goods years, his biography is significant he was college educated and was employed--in addition to his musical activity--as a social worker. He had released a groundbreaking record that year, and had already worked on a follow-up, which would defy older categories of rap music. His violent death seemed a cause for pause to reflect on rap musics new direction. The effect on the otherwise member of B-D-P, the rapper K-R-S One (Chris Parker), was devastating but quickened his mission. Nearly two years after the murder, he preached against black-on-black crime, promoting education, spirituality and vegetarianism. Rap had to be political and it ask self-denial, even asceticism he had do rap music an extremely serious ende avor. Enlightened rap seemed poised to enjoy mainstream popularity. But something ab bulge out its center did not capture the popular imagination, and it has remained a sub-genre. Conversely, the highly materialistic rap that was popular when B-D-P appeared in 1987, glorifying jewelry, cars and brand names, is in vogue again. However, B-D-P--vintage B-D-P--enjoys a paradoxically view position. This is strange because in some respects B-D-Ps version of political rap was stricter than the other groups that comprised the so-called New School, the consciousness-raised groups that followed in his path. Something about B-D-Ps asceticism had an edge that made it strangely attractive. I wish to explore this ambiguity. K-R-S One was the guiding force of B-D-P, writing its lyrics and producing its albums. He is generally regarded as the popular artist who, along with sanctify D of Public Enemy, politicized rap in the middle eighties. It is well known that popular rap was capable o f political content from its earliest beginnings. Grandmaster Flash and the fierce Five released both The Message (1982) and White Lines (Dont Do It) (1983), the first a lament about ghetto life and the second a powerful indictment of cocain (then called freebase), well before crack became a mainstream epidemic. Run-DMC rapped in Hard Times about the early eighties inflation economy. Of course, the political discourse of rap music has been pointed out before, but almost always in exalted form.

Dime Store :: essays papers

Dime StoreI Cant Hear a Damn Word Youre SayingThose who deprecate the detached supply of such ficticious works as the public demands, are generally in favor of the entire exclusion of fiction of a sensational cast, a course which will unavoidably result in alienating from the library the very furcate most needing its beneficial influence (Denning, 49).It is obvious here that William Fletcher connect more significance and importance to dime bag novels than most serious intellectuals did in the late 1800s. In fact, most people, particularly in the middle class, thought dime novels were vulgar and that they caused young children to imitate the actions of the likes of Buffalo Bill and Deadwood Dick. But both the production and the popularity of dime novels (especially) among the working class suggest that something more lumbering than cheap entertainment compelled them to read these works of fiction. Contrary to what many literary scholars and those in the middle class believed--an d perhaps as indicated by the various reactions to them, these plotlines and characters were benevolent to the working class on more than just one level.The rate at which dime novels were produced is astounding. William Wallace Cook began by receiving a title and synopsis for a serial, and would then write, adapt and revise installments to meet the ever-changing specifications of the publisher. Almost all the accounts tell the story of novels written at exceptional speed in endurance contest sessions, and all emphasize the sheer quantity of writing (Denning, 21). It was not uncommon for authors to write entire pieces in one week or less, some not bothering to edit their work. Many admitted that their motivation for writing stories at such a pace was money, but most maintained that the material contained in their stories was not vile or vulgar, but rather, useful.It is interesting to note here that, while the adverse reaction against dime novels eventually became a reflection o f the class that was supposedly development them, the authors themselves were not from the working class. In fact, the dime novel was a commercial product of a burgeoning industry employing relatively educated professionals--writers who also worked as journalists, teachers, or clerks (45). The judgments passed on those reading the dime novels was limited to the working class but the very material that was thought to be immoral was invented in the minds of middle class people.

The Chicken Incident :: Personal Narrative, Autobiographical Essay

The Chicken IncidentEveryone has an extremely embarrassing experience, that seems horrifically terrible at the time, but upon reflection becomes a completely hilarious occurrence in their life. This issue can be anything from falling down the grand staircase in high school, to splattering a pan of chicken in the walk-in tank at work. This is mine.I had been working for the Culvers Franchise Association for virtually three years, in which my primary job was drive-thru and other front house positions. I occasionally worked in the kitchen, but not enough to know the entire swing of things that well. This particular night was a pretty ordinary night at the restaurant. I was situated on drive-thru, and was also scheduled to close that same position. As closing time rolled around I found myself bombarded with a plethora of tasks, and to accomplish them I needed to be able t o access the sink. I walked over to the sink to find an enormous place filled to the brim with water and chicken. This bucket needed to be carried to the cooler for the night, but whoever left it there had forgotten about it and it remained in my sink. Well, instead of occupational group for my co-worker to carry the chicken to the cooler, I decided to take it upon myself and help them out. Looking back in hindsight, I now ask myself, What was I view?I hoisted the pail of chicken and water out of the sink and headed towards the cooler. As I approached the cooler I rested the bucket on a nearby shelf, and proceeded to pry open the heavy metal door. As the door opened I was greeted with a cool, clammy breeze. I entered the cooler and found that the floor had tardily been mopped and was still quite damp. On approximately my third step into the cooler I felt my feet slide out from under me. In an effort to perk up myself I dropped the bucket of chicken and began flailing my arms in an effort to grab on to anything in sight I was now lying on the glacial floor saturated in chicken water, while t here was an massive puddle of water around me with various pieces of chicken scattered throughout. I managed to skin myself up off the floor and prepared myself to face the management. As I crept to the front of the store, I found Frank, Bruce, Becki, and Jim standing in a huddle discussing the neckcloth they had been working on that night.

Barn Burning Essay -- essays papers

Barn BurningBarn Burning by William Faulkner was written in theebb of the 1930s in a decade of social, economic, andcultural decline. This story offers insight into the pastyears for students to learn of the nation and the South. This story shows the racial segregation that took place inthese generation between the white landowners and white tenantfarmers, the blacks and the whites, and the poor white trashclass and the blacks. The Snopess family was in the social class of thepoor, white tenant farmers. The father, Abner Snopes, hadto skin to provide for his family. In the family therewere the mother and her sister, two daughters, and two sons.The older son, Flem, worked with Abner, and the younger son,Sarty, helped with the chores. Sarty, along with others, hadtrouble understanding his fathers way of manner and hisattitude towards society. Abner was a harsh man. His crusade as a sharecropper exploited his inner feelings of resentment towards the landowners. Having little or no patience with separately new situation, he resorted to the only...

Barn Burning Essay -- essays papers

Barn BurningBarn Burning by William Faulkner was written in theebb of the 1930s in a decade of social, economic, andcultural decline. This legend offers insight into the pastyears for students to learn of the nation and the South. This story shows the racial segregation that took place inthese times between the white landowners and white livefarmers, the blacks and the whites, and the poor white trashclass and the blacks. The Snopess family was in the social class of thepoor, white tenant farmers. The father, Abner Snopes, hadto struggle to provide for his family. In the family therewere the cause and her sister, two daughters, and two sons.The older son, Flem, worked with Abner, and the younger son,Sarty, helped with the chores. Sarty, along with others, hadtrouble understanding his fathers way of life and hisattitude towards society. Abner was a harsh man. His case as a sharecropper exploited his inner feelings of resentment towards the landowners. Having little or no patienc e with each new situation, he resorted to the only...

AP WORLD renaissance crash course

How does John Green define the Renaissance? It was an effloresce of arts. 3. Where do we ordinarily see the classical influences visually expressed in the Renaissance? The renaissance saw the rebirth of European culture after the dark ages and rushed in the modern are of secularism, rationality, and individualism. 4. wherefore are the scholars who worked with ancient Greek and Roman texts called humanists? What misconception has this name led to, and how is that misconception debunked by John Green? Because it implied that they were concerned with humans ether than the religious world.This led to the assumption that Renaissance writers, artists, and scholars were secretly not religious, but they actually were studying the humanities. 5. Which dates are most comm lonesome(prenominal) associated with the Renaissance? Why do we not have a specific series of dates, or beginning and ending point? 1 5th and 16th century. We dont have specific dates because they werent physically written down. 6. Why specifically, did Italy become the center of the Renaissance? Money 7. How and why did the Venetians become so rich? They exported textiles to the ottomans.They were expert sailors and shipbuilders, and merchants. They figured out ways to swap with Islamic empires which included the biggest economic power in the region, the ottomans. 8. Why were Florentine textiles so valuable? What were the two ways they acquired the meaner to make these textiles so valuable (be specific). The coloring remained vibrant Dyed with a chemical called alum Italians needed the alum but could only get it from the ottomans 9. In what way did the Islamic world put up to the Renaissance? (Include specifics)The Muslim world was the source of many of the writings that the renaissance scholars studied. 10. Why is Copernicus so cool? What did he do? Because he was a attorney and a doctor and could speak 4 different languages, he also discovered that the earth was not in the center of the univers e. 1 1 . Why does John Green say the Renaissance didnt really happen? Most people didnt know about the renaissance because its art and learning affected only a sliver of the European population. Also the life expectancy went down in many areas of European during the renaissance.

Oppression and Dehumanization in George Orwell’s 1984 Essay

George Orwell uses his novel 1984 to convey that human beings, as a species, be extremely susceptible to dehumanization and oppression in society. Orwell demonstrates how a political sciences manipulation of technology, language, media, and history can oppress and degrade its citizens. In 1984 the political manipulation of technology oppresses the people of Oceania and leads to the downfall of individuality and of the qualities that define humanity. Telescreens and the profit are used not for entertainment purposes but to monitor peoples lives.In Orwells case, Pynchon cites media technologies such as interactive flat-screen TVs and the Internet as instruments of surveillance (Deery). The impact of spying via the telescreens reduces peoples opportunities to behave freely. on that pointfore invasion of privacy happens daily and widespread paranoia sets in. There was of course no route of knowing whether you were being watched at both given moment. How often, or on what system, the Thought Police plugged in on any individual telegram was guesswork. It was even conceiv fitting that they watched everybody all the time.But at any rate they could plug in your wire whenever they wanted to (Orwell 2). The never-ending surveillance by integrity enforcement invades personalised privacy. Without privacy, the freedoms and rights of individuals are demolished. By distorting technology the troupe subjugates the people of Oceania. To economize their totalitarian hold, the Party directly limits free speech and free thought by manipulating language itself. In a democratic society equality allows citizens to be different yet enjoy equal rights.Repression of equality destroys peoples power to act independently from one another. In Politics and the English Language (1946) Orwell lists equality as one of those words used in variable meanings, in most cases much or less dishonestly. (5) In 1984 he reveals even sharper anxieties about the term Here not only has the ideal of equality as understood by the best political thinkers been totally abandoned, but the actual word itself has been reduced by word of honorpeak to mean no more than alike (Kearney).In 1984 politicians consciously manipulate concepts and ideas. This paralyzes the human ability to express feelings and emotions, which is exactly what the totalitarian governing desires. We shall crush you down to the point from which there is no sexual climax back. Things will happen to you from which you could not recover, if you lived a thousand years. Never again will you be capable of ordinary human feeling. Everything will be gone inside you. Never again will you be capable of love, or friendship, or joy of living, or laughter, or curiosity, or courage, or integrity.You will be hollow. We shall squeeze you empty, and then we shall fill you with ourselves (Orwell 148). By manipulating language the Party replaces individual feeling with Party propaganda. To broadcast their dehumanizing propaga nda, the government in 1984 manipulates the media and image to it. People are unable to form their own opinions and therefore must rely on the media to do so for them. The people of Oceania are unable to think critically, for example, about mankind figures. But what was strange was that although Goldstein was hated and despised by everybody, although every day and a thousand times a day, on platforms, on the telescreen, in newspapers, in books, his theories were refuted, smashed, ridiculed, held up to the general gaze for the pitiful rubbish that they were, in spite of all this, his influence never seemed to grow less (Orwell 7). Through only allowing exposure to their propaganda the Party is able to pull wires the minds of its citizens. Citizens are only exposed to propaganda glorifying the Party.News propaganda is omitted of negative statistics and by dint of this omission nothing is left to report but affirmatory statistics. The people are robbed of an opportunity to critici ze the Party, adding to their overall dehumanization. The fabulous statistics continued to pour out of the telescreen. As compared with last year there was more food, more clothes, more houses, more furniture, more cooking-pots, more fuel, more ships, more helicopters, more books, more babies more of everything except disease, crime, and insanity.Year by year and minute by minute, everybody and everything was whizzing rapidly upwards (Orwell 33). Through omitting the negative, the people are only informed of the positive. Society is left with nothing to doubtfulness, and nothing to analyze. By deceiving the people, the Party is able to maintain support, and therefore power. This manipulation of media allows oppression to go unnoticed because the citizens are unable to think critically. By manipulating history and giving no opportunity for inquiry the government dehumanizes the people even more by destroying free thought.The Party knows that memories will lead to doubts, and then to critical thought. So it implements Doublethink and Newspeak as tools to negate the urge to question the legitimacy of the Partys history. The Party tacitly acknowledges the limitation of its control of the material and by implication the circulation of stories and memories by the implementation of both Doublethink and Newspeak. Doublethink can only be thought of as an imperfect system of thought control most at risk by the conjunction of materially anchored memory.The very contract for the existence of the concept acknowledges that failure, since from the trajectories traced through the material city there emerge spatial codes that challenges both forms of discursive control as well as a reformulated history (Phillips). The government reformulates history, takes out the inconsistencies. The people are exposed to more propaganda. Due to their lack of critical thinking ability they are unable to question its accuracy. The Party maintains its totalitarian society by lying, cheating , and deceiving its citizens.Accumulation of knowledge is one way that an individual can stand out from the rest. The Party makes it impossible for any knowledge to be accumulated, since history is always being rewritten. If, for example, Eurasia or Eastasia (whichever it may be) is the enemy today, then that country must always have been the enemy. And if the facts say differently then the facts must be altered. Thus history is continuously rewritten (Orwell 124). Through these alterations the government destroys the desire to question, and therefore the desire to criticize.By manipulating history the Party is able to eradicate free thought. The Totalitarian society in 1984 is under the absolute control of the Party. The past is whatever the records and the memories agree upon. And since the Party is in full control of all records and in equally full control of the minds of its members, it follows that the past is whatever the Party chooses to make it (Orwell 124). The Party robs its citizens of another opportunity to be individuals, and to think differently than each other. The extent of its control of the people doesnt stop there.In Oceania the government forces its own citizens to participate in rewriting history. The Party oppresses the people by not allowing individual decisions. It demands that people must lie and therefore destroys an opportunity to speak freely. The reporting of Big Brothers Order for the Day in The Times of December 3rd 1983 is extremely unsatisfactory and makes references to non-existent persons. Rewrite it in full and submit your draft to higher authority before filing (Orwell 24). By making citizens participate in the rewriting of their own history, the government is able to destroy individuality.Through this forced involvement in the manipulation of history the Party corrupts the mind and wipes out any trace of individuality inside. While the peoples minds are vulnerable, they are filled up with propaganda in support of the tot alitarian government of Oceania. Government facilities of Oceania clearly display the Partys commitment to oppression and dehumanization. They are prepared to lie to, and deceive the people for years to come. There were the vast repositories where the corrected documents were stored, and the hidden furnaces where the original copies were destroyed.And somewhere or other, quite anonymous, there were the directing brains who co-ordinated the whole effort and laid down the lines of policy which do it necessary that this fragment of the past should be preserved, that one falsified, and the other rubbed out of existence (Orwell 24). Its shown that the Party does not care about humanity, individuality, or personal freedoms, therefore carries out its own agenda to achieve a society in which the people are totally controlled by the government. In conclusion George Orwells 1984 clearly depicts that human beings are susceptible to oppression and dehumanization in society.Orwells predictions about the political use of these technologies appear to have been accurate. Hence today, News is whatever the government says it is, surveillance of ordinary citizens has entered the mainstream of police activity, reasonable search and seizure is a joke (Deery). Through 1984 Orwell shows how the citizens of Oceania are oppressed and dehumanized through the Partys manipulation of technology, language, media, and history. Orwell warns that oppression and dehumanization may be carried out by governments around the world, secretly manipulating us.

Research Study Paper

Article two by Grainiest & Colliers (2012) Fel low-pitchedships experiences of organizational leaders A systems psychodrama perspective was chosen for leadership and hold iodin-third was care affluenty chosen for this paper. Followers Personality and the Perception of Transformational Leadership Further Evidence for the Similarity Hypothesis by the authors Flee, J. , & Synchs, B. (2010) came from the reference list of article one. These articles titles in affinity all are cogitate to pursuit in an organization and show how followers personality, preferences, and experiences affect how hey encompass leadership.The purpose of the assume in article one, the authors wanted the findings built upon the planetary Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness Research Program ( formal study) by analyzing the personalities Of the participants and the impact on implicit leadership views. Article twos purpose for the study is to recognize follower-ship experiences of organiz ational leadership from a systems psychodrama perspective and the aim of article threes study is to extend previous research on the affinity between followers personality and the erudition and acceptance of ramifications leadership.The similitude of the studies show how followers personality, preferences, and experiences affect how they perceive leadership in organizations. The authors rational for the topic in article one is the primary focus of the GLOBE study and to analyze how cultural preferences predicted leadership preferences. (Palmer, et al. , 2013, peg. 56) This study added significantly to the body of literature link to implicit leadership and the study did non report how participants personalities force their views of leadership.In article two, the authors build a strong ease that has given them motivation for the study and their rationale for the topic is because the research was important in its rich note on organizational leadership as expressed by fellowship in a contained space and interpreting the views from below the surface (Grainiest, et al. 201 2, peg. 6) which are not expressed in organizations generally and easily. The authors also commented on how there is no previous research on the topic.Finally in article three, the authors build a glib case that provide evidence that followers personality influences the perceptions of ramifications leadership and commitment to the leader. For the authors to do their study, they reversed the order of variables in which the leaders affect their followers attitudes and behaviors to the followers reactions to leaders as the independent variables and the leaders as the dependent variable. The comparison of the rational in each article provides the prediction of followers personality whether through the GLOBE study or as one particular leadership style.Research Questions The research questions in each of the articles provide the researcher the tools needed to test their theories. In article one, Palmer along with the some other authors provided the following hypotheses to be tested in their study. 1 . DO followers personality in neurotics correlative with Charismatic Leadership and guiding Leadership? 2. Does Extroversion correlate how followers perceive with preferences to Directive Leadership, Bureaucratic Leadership, or Self parcel Leadership? 3. Does Agreeableness correlate with followers personality for Charismatic Leadership, Directive Leadership, and Self Serving Leadership? . Do Openness correlate with Directive Leadership, Bureaucratic, and Self Serving Leadership? These hypotheses of followers neurotics, extroversion, agreeableness, and openness may be positively correlate to Charismatic and Directive leadership but my impact Bureaucratic and Self Serving leadership negatively. Article two state given the aforementioned complexity on the macro, mess, and small leadership levels (Greenest, et al. , 201 2, peg. 3) the authors wanted to know whether leadership is an perplexity for followers. Also, followers experiences and how they perceive race and gender in leadership.The following hypotheses are tested 1) What is fellowships systems psychodrama experience of organization leadership? 2) Is leadership an anxiety for followers that is an object split between a good parent and a bad parent theory? 3) How does followers experience of organizational leadership denigrating the present and hoping for a good future like good bread with bad butter in between? 4) Do followers perceive race and gender play a part in leadership? 5) Do followers believe leadership is experiencing an adolescent type of identity crises? ) wherefore do followers perceive leadership as a bad object containing unsolvable shame and haunting organizations? 7) Do coping with existential anxiety round leadership based on trusting the systemic and unconscious life forces towards equilibrium, linked with an inner strength to survive? Article three tests the hypotheses for fo llowers high in extroversion, agreeableness and openness are assumed to perceive or attributed more transformational leadership and to show more affective commitment to their supervisors (Flee, et al. , 2010, peg. 98) in relation to followers perceptions of transformational leadership and the affective commitment to the supervisor and the personalities of leaders. The authors hypotheses mentioned are 1) Followers extroversion is positively related to the perception Of transformational leadership and to the affective commitment to the supervisor, whereas the relationship with continuance commitment is negative. 2) Followers agreeableness is positively related to the perception of transformation leadership and to the affective commitment to the supervisor, whereas the relationship with continuance commitment is negative. ) Followers openness is positively related to the affective commitment to the negative. 4) Followers neurotics is negatively related to the perception of prevision, w hereas the relationship with continuance commitment is positive. 5) Followers perception of leaders personality (high extroversion, high agreeableness, high openness and low neurotics) is related to the perception of transformational leadership and to affective commitment to the supervisor. ) Relationship between follower personality and the perception of transformational leadership and commitment to the supervision are intermediate by the perception of ones leaders personality. A comparison of the research questions show article one with four hypotheses, article two with seven, and article three with six hypotheses try Population The sample population in each of these articles show a comparison that mostly women were used in the studies. The first article shows that it used 132 college educated, full time managers or leaders in an organizations with there being 81 females and 48 males within these groups.Out of the 1 32 participant, 75 were Hispanic, 30 Blacks, 12 purity and 15 who were of other ethnicities and their age average of 40 years. There are 8 newly identified cases on leaders of large organizations in article two with 64 participants insisting of 52% White, 33% Black, 9% Indian, and 6% other with 58% participants being female and 42% male between the ages of 28 and 61 years. Article three participants in the study are 1 53 clerical volunteers and women being 75% of the workers with the average mean of 36. 5 in their ages.A comparison shows that show women were mostly interviewed. What does not compare, is that article two did not have as many participants as one and three. Article three did not mention ethnicity or race as did articles one and two. Results Examining the results of each study, the authors in their perspective articles how that their hypotheses are mostly positive and correlate to the given research questions. In article one, the current study found the personality trait of followers on agreeableness as being a predictor high on l eadership.New experiences for followers openness is incongruent with Bureaucratic Leadership, but personality traits related to Charismatic, Value-Based Team dervish and Directive Leadership, and negatively related to Bureaucratic Leadership and Self-Serving Leadership. (Farmer, et al. , 201 3, peg. 62) Neurotics was positively correspond with preferences for Charismatic Leadership and Directive Leadership. Extroversion was positively check with preferences for Directive Leadership and negatively correlated with tolerance for Bureaucratic and Self-serving Leadership.Agreeableness was positively correlated with preferences for Charismatic Leadership and Directive Leadership and negatively correlated with tolerance for Self-Serving dervish. Openness was positively correlated with preferences for Directive leadership and negatively correlated with tolerance for Bureaucratic and Self- Serving Leadership. Whereas in article two, leadership is seen from followers experience is torn bet ween the rational and mechanistic task and leaders avoiding how followers as people are being cared for. Followers perceive leaders as adults who treat them as children.Although article three states followers extroversion and agreeableness were positively related to the perception of overall transformational leadership and to affective commitment to the supervisor, the relationship between followers extroversion and continuance commitment to the supervisor was negative and agreeableness was not related to continuance commitment. (Grainiest, et al. , 201 2 peg. 01) Openness, transformational leadership, and commitment are correlated in a direction that is positive, with continuance commitment showing only a significance to leaders.Neurotics is negatively related to followers perception of affective commitment and transformational leadership. The perceptions of transformational leadership was positively related to perceived leaders extroversion, openness, and agreeableness and negati vely related to perceived leaders neurotics. There is support for the intermediation effect Of extroversion and agreeableness, a tentative support for neurotics but no support for openness. (Flee, et al. , 201 0, peg. 93) Therefore, the comparison of the hypotheses is that followers perceptions of leadership through followers personality traits see leadership as not caring and followers are agreeable to prevent conflict and the perception of transformational leadership is the leadership that followers perceive their leaders to be. Conclusion The limitations of article one are the use of the GLOBE questionnaire using two empirical pilot studies. Article two mentioned a limitation that leadership was included in the study therefore, no interpretation about the others view an be made.Article threes data is cross-sectional and they cannot rule out that transformational leadership influences followers self-perception and their influence of personality characteristics examined in this stu dy is limited. The comparison of the limitations is that the authors were not able to provide enough data using data from previous studies. In conclusion, Palmer and the other authors from article one in their findings found that extroversion in leadership is strongly correlated to effective leadership and their study found the personality trait of followers in agreeableness is insistent in regards to leadership.From article 2, leadership is by followers views is seen as a relationship that Sees followers as immature. The authors also suggested future research should be done to include the leadership experiences of fellowship and to conclude with article three, the findings the authors found suggests that leaders influence strongly the behaviors and attitudes of followers in commitment, performance, and satisfaction. Elevating followers motives and values, the transformational leadership sets leaders behaviors as a proven effect in organizations.

Titration Journal

E r J. Biochem. 40,177-185 (1973) u. Intracellular Tit thieveion of cyclicalalalal angstrom shrink to Receptor Proteins and Correlation with cyclical- group A Levels in the Surviving Rat Diaphragm Lien DO KHAC,Sim genius HARBON Hubert J. CLAUSER and lnstitut de Biochimie, Universit6 de Paris-Sud, Orsay (Received April 9/July 17, 1973) Extracts prepared from rat stays incubated with or with give away theophylline and/or epinephrin maintain been tested for their total cyclicalalalal adenine nub and for their ability to bind exogenously added cyclic type A.Less cyclic 3H ampere rotter be determine inthe suggests after theophylline and/or epinephrin treatment indicating that the rise in cyclic deoxyadenosine monophosphate level was accompanied by a n increase in the beat of cyclic deoxyadenosine monophosphate jump off intracellularly to the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases. Maximum cyclic AMP backrest capacities, as thrifty by total cyclic AMP convinces, were stock-still identical in all graphemes. Accurate estimations of intracellular grooming of cyclic AMP have been correlated with the level of cyclic AMP in the waver the reception searchs to adapt simple saturation kinetics, a n apparent intracellular K d for cyclic AMP has been evaluated as 330 nM.The findings are ordered either with a real difference in the intracellular stick constant as compared to that measured in vitro (28 nM) or with the fact that the cyclic root in the cell whitethorn not all be available for the kinase protein receptors. They also suggest that the rule acting set forth may prove useful for canvass whatever possible intracellular control beyond the step of cyclic AMP synthesis.Regulation of cellular metabolism by adenosine 3 5-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) I, its mediation finished complex protein kinases 2,3 and the mechanism of the energizing of these enzymes 461 have been well documented inwardly the past years in the eukaryotic cell. Activa tion has been demonstrated to checkmaterialise tally to Equation (1) by a n interaction of cyclic AMP with the regulatory subunit (R) of the enzyme, leading to a dissociation of this subunit from the catalytic subunit (C) which is thus activated. RC cyclic AMP + R cyclic AMP C . (1) + +However completely satisfactory correlations amidst the levels of intracellular cyclic AMP and its ultimate metabolic effects have been in m all cases difficult to obtain. Striking examples for this situation are to be found in the results of Craig et al. 7 in rat diaphragm, of Stull and Mayer 8 in rabbit skeletal muscle concerning the regulation of phosphorylase energizing, of Schaeffer et al. 9 and Miller et al. lo concerning regulation of glycogen metabolism in adrenalectomized rats, and of Harbon and Clauser Ill This work is dedicated to Professor E. Lederer for his 65 th anniversary. Abbreviations.Cyclic AMP adenosine 3 5-monophosphate. in the rat uterus stimulated by prostaglandin El or E,. I n all these cases, cyclic AMP levels may be elevated without eliciting the expected metabolic responses. Two hypotheses have been formulated to explain these obvious discrepancies, either a decrease in the activation of the enzymes mediating cyclic AMP action within the cell, or a compartmentalization of the intracellular nucleotide. therefrom it seems necessary to measure directly the degree to which the first step of the activation sequence (Equation 1)reflects the apparent intracellular cyclic AMP submersions.This might be achieved by establishing in intact cells or tissue paper papers, correlations between the levels of intracellular cyclic AMP at a lower place welldefined physiologic conditions, the extent to which it is bound to the specific receptor protein and the extent to which the complex protein kinases are in the active state. Satisfactory correlations between cyclic AMP levels and protein kinase activation have been recently established in various tissues by Corbi n et al. I21 and Soderling et al. 13.The give way work was to investigate if correlations could also be obtained between intracellular cyclic AMP levels and the amounts of intracellular cyclic AMP bound to receptor protein (R cyclic AMP) in the surviving rat diaphragm incubated with or without theophylline and adrenaline. The results report demonstrate that E r J. Biochem. 40 (1973) u. 178 Intracellular Titration of Cyclic AMP-Receptor Protein attach precise titrations of endogenetic cyclic AMP bound versus cyclic AMP present in the intact tissue may be obtained.An apparent Kd value for the intracehlar cyclic AMP fertilisation is observed which differs widely from the K d of the comparable blanket established in vitro 14-161. This method may prove to be useful for studying the modification of cyclic AMP binding below conditions where the ecesis and breakdown of cyclic AMP does not seem to be disturbed. A prelimoary report of these results has been presented 17. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cylic AMP was obtained from P L Biochemicals Inc. , theophylline and Tris from Merck (Darmstadt), Na,ATP 4 H,O, L-epinephrine bitartrate from Calbiochem.Cellulose ester tissue layer filters (HA 0. 45 pm, 24 mm) were purchased from Millipore Corp. All reagents used were products of Prolabo (reagent grade). Cyclic 3HAMP was a product of New England Nuclear Inc. , specific activity 24 Ci/ mmol. Animals were Wistar rats weighing or so 200 to 300 g and fasted 24 h before the experiments. Tissue homogenizations were performed with an Ultra Turrax homogenizer. The reaction mixture for the binding assay contained in a final volume of 250 p1, 20 mM TrisHC1 yield pH 7. 5, 10 mM MgCI,, 6. 7 mM theophylline and cyclic 3HAMP a t various concentrations as indicated.The reaction was initiated by the addition of a n aliquot of diaphragm extracts equivalent to 70- 150 pg protein. Method B. I n this case, cyclic 3HAMPwas added to the homogenizing medium a t saturating concentrations u p to 0. 2 p M a t 0 C, centrifugation was carried out immediately and cyclic 3HAMP bound measured directly on the extract. Cyclic 3HAMP bound to the proteins, nether either condition, was find out after contrary brooding times at 0 C the reaction mixtures were consequently diluted to 3 m l with cold buffer (20mM TrisHC1, 10mM MgCl,, pH 7. 5) and passed through cellulose acetate Millipore filters (0. 45 pm).The filters were washed with 25ml of the same buffer, dried and counted in i 0 ml scintillation fluid, in a Packard Tri-Carb liquid scintillation spectrometer. Results were expressed as pmol cyclic AMP bound/mg protein the concentration of endogenetic untagged cyclic AMP has been always taken into account for the estimation of the specific activity of cyclic 3HAMP present in the incubation medium. pensiveness Procedures The animals were killed by decapitation. The diaphragms were cursorily removed, freed from connective tissue, cut to small pieces, pooled and divided into equal parts. 200-250 mg tissue were preincubated in 2. ml Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate buffer pH 7. 4, gas phase (95O/, O,, 5O//, CO,) for 30 min a t 37 C, in the absence or straw man of 10 mM theophylline. Incubations were then performed in the absence or presence of epinephrine (5 pM) for varying periods of time. Extraction of the Tissue Standard fecundation Assays for Cyclic A M P Two methods have been deviced to extract the tissue and estimate the binding of exogenous cyclic 3HAMP to the extracted proteins, both slightly modified from the method defined by Walton and Garren 15. Method A . The tissue was homogenized a t 0 C in 3 ml of one of the following solutions 20 mM TrisHCl buffer pH 7. or 20 mM sodium acetate pH 7. 5 or 4 mM EDTA pH 6. 0. Theophylline (10 mM) was always present in the various homogenizing media in order to minimize any degradation of cyclio AMP by phosphodiesterase present in diaphragm extracts. A first centrifugation was carried out for 5 min a t 3000 x g , followed by a second one a t 50000 x g for 30min. The supernatants leave behind be referred to as Tris extract, acetate extract and EDTA extract. Assay for Cyclic-AMP Levels For cyclic AMP assay, the tissue was homogenized in 3 ml cold 7 trichloroacetic acid and centrifuged for 30 min a t 50000 xg.After addition of 0. 1 ml N HC1, the supernatants were extracted 7-8 times with twice their volume of cold ether and evaporated to dryness. Total levels of cyclic AMP in the tissue trichloroacetic acid extract were determined match to Gilman using a protein b a s e and the heatstable inhibitor prepared from rabbit skeletal muscle 161. I n most instances, cyclic AMP content was also evaluated in the Tris and acetate extracts. Proteins were precipitated by trichloroacetic acid and extracts processed as described above. Proteins in the extracts were determined according to Lowry et al. 18 using bovine serum albumin as a standard. RESULTS AXD DISCUSSION Total Cyclic-AMP Levels in Rat Diap hragm. Effects of adrenaline and Theophylline In order to study the cyclic AMP binding electrical capacity of rat diaphragm proteins and its possible rnodification downstairs the influence of epinephrine, it seemed necessary to test the first effect of the catecholamine, viz. the rise in the tissue cyclic AMP level under our experimental conditions. Em. J. Biochem. 40 (1973) L. Do Khac, S. Harbon, and H. J. Clauser put back 1. Total cyclic A H P levels in trichloroacetic acid extracts of rat diaphragm.Effect of epinephrine and theophylline R a t diaphragms (200-250 mg) were preincubated for 30 rnin a t 37 C in 2. 5 ml Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate buffer (0, 95/0-C0, 50/0) in the absence or presence of 10mM theophylline, Incubation was then performed for 5 rnin with or without 5 pM epinephrine. The tissue was then homogenized in 7O/, trichloroacetic acid for cyclic AMP assay as described under Methods. Levels of cyclic AMP were expressed as pmol cyclic AMP/ degree centigrademg wet ti ssue and as pmol cyclic AMP/mg dissoluble protein (as estimated by the Lowry procedure in the Tris extract.Values are means f S. E. M. of 5 different experiments Incubation condit,ions Total cyclic AMP TheoDhvlline EDineDhrine pmo1/100 mg pmol/mg wet tissue soluble protein 41 f 8. 0 20. 5 f 4. 7 104 & 1. 1 52 & 0. 47 93 f 4. 5 46 & 2 350 f 21 170 f 10. 7 179 send back 3. Distribution of cyclic 3HAMP-binding portions i n different hom. ogenutes from rat diaplwagms incubated with or without epinephrine Preincubation and incubation conditions as described in display board 2. Tissues were homogenized in 3 ml 20mM TrisHCI, p H 7. 5, 4 mM EDTA or 20 mM sodium acetate pH 7. and centrifuged for 5 rnin at 3000 x g, the supernatants were centrifuged once more at 500OOxg for 30 min yielding extract 1 and slam 1. The sediment of the first centrifugation was resuspended in 1. 5 ml of the interchangeable buffer and centrifuged at 500OOxg for 30 min giving extract 2 and pellet 2. Binding acti vity for cyclic rSHAMP was measured in each fraction as described in the text under method A and was expressed as pmol cyclic AMP bound/l00 mg wet tissue Fraction Cyclic AMP bound in EDTA Acetate Tris extract extract, extract, 5 yM noepinoepino epinephrine nephrine nephrine + + + + Lhrine pmo1/100 mg wet tissue Extract 1 Extract 2 Pellet 1 Pellet 2 15. 70 1. 47 0. 76 1. 49 14. 90 1. 54 0. 83 1. 50 15. 30 1. 35 0. 80 1. 10 9. 40 0. 80 0. 44 0. 39 card 2. Cyclic A M P levels in different extracts obtained from epinephrine- case-hardened and untreated rat diaphragms Preincubation with 10 mM theophylline and incubation conditions in the absence or presence of 5 pM epinephrine as in Table 1. Diaphragms were homogenized in three different solutions cold 7O/, trichloroacetic acid, Tris-HC1 pH 7. 5 or acetate p H 7. 5 as described under methods.Centrifugation was carried out for 30 rnin at 50000 x g. Soluble Tris extract, acetate extract and their corresponding sediments were deproteiniz ed by 7 o/o trichloroacetic acid before cyclic AMP assay Incubation with epinephrine None 5wM Total cyclic AMP in Trichloroacetic 20 mM acetate acid extract pellet 57 280 20 mM Tris extract pellet 48 218 9. 5 26 extract pellet 45 242 pmo1/100 mg wet tissue 8. 5 8. 3 As shown in Table 1, epinephrine (5 pM) in the absence of theophylline increases (by a factor of 2. 5) the total cyclic AMP content of rat diaphragm extracted by trichloroacetic acid.Theophylline alone (10 mM) had a stimulating effect, double when both compounds were used together, the rise in cyclic AMP levels was 8- t o 9-fold, reaching 350pmol cyclic AMP/100 mg wet tissue. When cyclic AMP was assayed in either acetate or Tris extracts after deproteinization with trichloroacetic acid the set obtained were identical t o those found when the diaphragms were directly extracted with trichloroacetic acid hence almost none of the cyclic nucleotide in these extracts was associatcd with membrane-bound fractions (Table 2). Eur. J. Biochem. 0 (1973) Location of Cyclic AMP-Binding Fractions Table 3 shows the distribution of cyclic AMP binding activity in various fractions of three rat diaphragm homogenates measured by method A in all cases more than goo/, of this activity was recovered in the 50000 x g supernatant, almost no cyclic AMP binding occurred in the pellets. Preincubation of the diaphragm with epinephrine did not modify the percentage distribution of the radioactive nucleotide between the supernatants and the pellets, hence subsequent experiments have been performed on the soluble extracts.On the some other hand, in the case of epinephrine-treated diaphragms, less exogenous labelled cyclic AMP (about 50-60/0) was bound to the various fractions, indicating a decrease in the binding capacity of the extract as compared to the untreated diaphragm. Dilution by endogenous cyclic AMP cannot explain the effect of epinephrine, since allowance was made for this parameter (see Methods) the phenomenon was consistently reproducible and will be further substantiated and discussed below.The binding capacities of the various extracts for cyclic E3HAMP have also been verified in the absence of any free endogenous cyclic AMP after removal of the latter by filtration through Sephadex G 50 (1x 37 cm) columns, previously equilibrated with 20 mM Tris-HC1 buffer, pH 7. 5 a t 4 C. I n these experiments, the detail of which w l not be inform in i l the present manuscript, the effect of epinephrine was still observed, when binding was measured on the main protein peak emerging with the void volume of the columns. When the corrections outlined in the 180 Intracellular Titration of Cyclic AMP-Receptor Protein Binding Z A 0. 51 / 0 20 40 60 time ( m i n ) l / f r e e cyclic AMP (nM-) l / f r e e cyclic A M P (nM-) Fig. 1. The time wurse and cyclic-AMP-concentration habituation of cyclic A M P binding in rat-diaphragm extracts (method A ) . (A) Diaphragms were incubated for 30 min in the presen ce of 10 mM theophylline and extracted with Tris HCI buffer (method A). Cyclic AMP binding was estimated in the presence of various concentrations of cyclic E3HAMP 20nM ( 0 0 ) 60nM ( ) 0 0 SO& (A-A) 100 nM ( ) -. , a t 0 C. The react,ion mixtures contained in a final volume of 2. 5 ml, 20 mM Tris-HC1 buffer, pH 7. , 10 mM MgCI,, 6. 5 mM theophylline. The reaction was initiated by the addition of 930 pg protein. At the indicated times, aliquots were pipetted, immediately diluted with cold 30 mM Tris-HC1buffer pH 7. 5,lO mM MgCl, and passed on the Millipore filters. Filters were washed with the same buffer, dried and counted. Binding activity is expressed as pmol cyclic AMP bound/mg protein. (B) Data obtained from similar experiments where binding for cyclic AMP was performed a t 0 C, for 1 h, in the presence of cyclic aHIAMP ranging from 12 nM to 110 &I. Double-reciprocal biz, according to Klotz 25 Fig. 2.Cyclic-AMP-Concentration dependence of cyclic A M P binding in rat-diaphr agm extracts (method B ) . Binding assays were carried out as described under method B. Various concentrations of cyclic 3HAMP ranging from 12nM to 200 nM were added directly to the homogenizing medium for preparing extracts from epinephrine treated (A-A) and untreated (0-0) rat diaphragms. Aliquot,s of the extracts were filtered through Millipore filters, dried and counted. Double-reciprocal plot, according to Klotz 25 present paper were applied to these figures, the results were fundamentally identical to those obtained with the unfiltered extracts.Specificity. Kinetics and Concentration Dependence of Exogenous Cyclic-AMP Binding in the Extracts Specificity of cyclic AMP binding has been assessed by dilution experiments of cyclic 3HAMP (100 nM) with unlabeled nucleotides (adenine, AMP, ATP, cyclic AMP) a t molar concentrations equalling up t o 100 times cyclic 3HAMP concentrations. I n no case, except with unlabelled cyclic AMP, the amount of radioactive material bound to proteins by either method A or B was significantly reduced (the details of these experiments are not reported).When various concentrations of cyclic 3HAMP were added to diaphragm extracts (after homogenization and centrifugation) and the binding reaction (method A) carried out for different incubation times at 0 C (Fig. I), it appears that saturation was obtained at a concentration of 80 nM for the cyclic nucleotide which essentially coincides with previously published data 14-161 and that binding equilibrium was reached a t p H 7. 5 and 0 C after less than 60 min incubation. It has also been verified that with the protein concentration used (70-150 pg in 250 pl) binding of cyclic AMP was directly proportional to the amount of added proteins.From a reciprocal plot of cyclic AMP binding versus cyclic AMP concentration (inset of Fig. I), an apparent Kd of 33 nM can be awaitd. When similar experiments were performed by adding various concentrations of cyclic 3HAMP into the homogenizing medium (method B) and using diaphragms which have been incubated in the presence and absence of epinephrine, the double-reciprocal plots of Fig. 2 were obtained. The apparent Kd values mensural with this method (45 nM) are in the same scarper as with method A.I n addition this figure shows that epinephrine treatment of the diaphragms does not modify this Kd but decreases the amount of exogenous cyclic AMP which can be bound to the extract proteins. By comparing exogenous cyclic AMP binding values obtained with methods A and B, it appears (Table 4) that when cyclic 3HAMPwas added to the Eur. J. Biochem. 40 (1973) L. Do Khac, S. Harbon, and H. J. Clauser Table 4. Comparison of exogenous binding of cyclic SIIAMP to diaphragm extracts by method A or method B. Rat diaphragms were incubated with theophylline in the absence or presancc of 5 p M epinephrine.Extracts in Tris-HC1 were prepared as described under method A for subsequent binding of cyclic 3HAMP (100 nM), 1 h, a t 0 C. A second seri es of extracts were prepared in the same way but in the prescnce of 100 nM cyclic 3HABIP in the homogenizing medium (method R) binding of cyclic 3HAMP was measured in a n aliquot immediately after centrifugation at 0 C (about 1 h after the end of incubation). Values are expressed as pmol bound cyclic AMP/mg protein. Numerals within brackets indicate number of experiments Method Cvclic A P bound with M 5 pM epinephrine no epinephrine pmol/mg protein 4 f 0. 22 (9) 4. 80 5 0. 2 (5) 181 6 t e . ? 4 Q Q E A B 2 f 0. 13 (9) 3 f 0. 19 (5) 0 I I I 30 60 90 * magazine (rnin) homogenization medium (extract B) higher binding values were obtained both with epinephrine-treated and untreated diaphragms, than with method A. This demonstrates that some additional binding of endogenous cyclic AMP occurred during the homogenization and fractionation procedures, which tends to decrease the amount of unoccupied binding sites available for exogenous cyclic 3HAMP. Hence method B has been currently used t o measure exogenous cyclic AMP binding, since the values obtained with this method seem to reflect intracellular conditions more accurately.Fig. 3. Time course of cyclic 3HAMP binding in extracts from rat diaphragms incubated in the absence or presence of theophylline orland epinephrine. Half rat diaphragms were preincubated in the absence (m, A ) or in the presence ( 0 , 0 ) of 10 m31 theophylline for 30 min at 37 C. Epinephrine (5 pM) was added ( A , 0 )and incubation continued for 5min. Tissue was homogenized in 1. 5 ml Tris-HC1 buffer containing 200 nnf cyclic 3HAMP and centrifuged at 5000xg for 10 min at 0 C.Binding of cyclic 3HAMP was measured in aliquots of the supernatant at the times indicated, through Millipore filtration, t = 0 corresponds to the onset of the extraction. Results are expressed as pmol cyclic AMP bound/ mg protein (without correction for cyclic AMP exchange) Effect of Theophylline and Epinephrine Treatment on the Binding of Exogenous Cyclic 3HAMP by Diaphra gm Extracts Fig. 3 shows the results of a typical experiment in which diaphragms have been incubated in the absence or presence of theophylline and epinephrine. Homogenization has been performed according to method B, the centrifugation time of the homogenate unploughed to a inimum (10 min), and the binding capacity for cyclic 3HAMP determined a t different times. As may have been expected, this cyclic 3HAMP binding (which measures the residual binding capacities of the extracts) was, in the course of the whole titration period, inversely related t o the amount of endogenous cyclic AMP present in the relevant extracts (see Table 1). Hence the agents which increase the intracellular cyclic AMP level appear to decrease the amount of binding sites available for exogenous cyclic 3HAMP, probably through an increase of endogenous cyclic AMP binding to the receptors.I n order to titrate endogenous binding of cyclic AMP accurately, experiments were designed to estiEm. J. Biochem. 40 (1973) mate the total binding capacities of the extracts through complete exchange of endogenously bound cyclic AMP with cyclic 3HAMP, and also to estimate the actual amount of exchange occurring in the extracts between endogenous bound unlabelled cyclic AMP and exogenous cyclic 3HAMP during the titration period. A precise knowledge of these two parameters is required for the determination of the binding sites occupied by endogenous cyclic AMP at the moment where the tissues are homogenized.Cyclic-AM P Exchange and Determination of Maximal Binding Capacities Total cyclic AMP exchange has been measured under the conditions defined by Wilchek et al. 19 for parotid gland and skeletal muscle extracts from both treated and untreated diaphragms were f i s t incubated at 0 C with cyclic 3HAMP (100 nM) under binding conditions of method A and then allowed t o exchange with 1 pM unlabelled cyclic AMP at 20 C in the presence of 100p. M ATP and 10mM MgCl,. Fig. 4 shows that almost complete exchange of the bound labelled nucleotide occurred within 30 min, 182Intracellular Titration of Cyclic AMP-Receptor Protein Binding 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Time (min) 70 80 90 Fig. 4. Exchange of bound cyclic SHIAMP. Extracts were prepared from epinephrine-treated ( + o ) and untreated (0-0) rat diaphragms. Binding of cyclic 3HAMP was carried out a t 0 C in a volume of 2. 5 ml with 500 pg proteins, and 100 nM cyclic r3HAMP in Tris-HC1 buffer, MgCl, and theophylline a t the concentrations described for the standard binding assay. After 1-h incubation, 1 pM unlabelled cyclic AMP and 100 pM ATP were added and the mixture allowed to stand at 20C.At the different times indicated in the figure, aliquots corresponding t o 50 pg protein were pipetted, rapidly diluted with 20 mM Tris-HC1 buffer, 2. 5 mM MgC1, p H 7 5 and filtered through Millipore filters. The filters . were washed with the same buffer, dried and counted. Results are expressed as pmol/mg protein 0 30 60 90 120 Time (rnin) 180 240 Total binding capacities of the proteins could thus be measured by incubating the extracts first with 100 nM unlabelled cyclic AMP a t 0 C and carrying on the exchange reaction in the presence of 1 pM cyclic I13HAMP at 20 C for 1-2 h the values obtained averaged 8. -9. 5 pmol cyclic 3HAMP/mg soluble protein, both with epinephrine-treated and untreated diaphragms. These results were confirmed by direct assay of bound cyclic AMP the extracts have been fully saturated with unlabelled 1pM cyclic AMP and filtered as described. After washing the Millipore filters, bound cyclic AMP was extracted by cold 7 O/, trichloroacetic acid and the cyclic nucleotide was directly assayed according to Gilman 16. The average value was 9. 8 f 0. 4 pmol cyclic AMP bound per mg protein, which is of the same order of magnitude as the amount of bound cyclic 3HAMP calculated above.Previously published data are in close agreement with these values. Walton and GarFen 15 reported maximal binding capacities of 9. 8 p mol/mg protein for adrenal extracts, whereas Gilman l6 found a total binding of 12pmol/mg protein in muscle extracts. The values for maximal cyclic AMP binding are very low as compared t o the total endogenous cyclic AMP present in the extract (46 pmol/mg protein with the theophylline-treated diaphragm and 170 pmol/mg protein with the epinephrine theophylline-treated diaphragm).It must be added that the binding proteins, saturated with cyclic AMP or not, were almost completely contain on the Millipore filters, and that endogenous cyclic AMP, not Fig. 5. T i m e course of cyclic A M P exchange under binding (0 C) and exchange (20 C conditions. Extracts were prepared from epinephrine treated (0,A ) and untreated ( 0 , A) r a t diaphragms. Binding of cyclic AMP was performed as described in Fig. 2 in the presence of 100 nM cyclic AMP for 60 min at 0 C. A t the end of the binding reaction 1 pM cyclic 3HAMP was added t. the different extracts, in the absence (A, A ) or presence ( 0 , 0 ) of l00p. M ATP. The reaction mixtures were maintained a t 0 C for 2 h and then at 20 C (arrow) for 2 more hours. At the different times indicated on the figure, aliquots corresponding t o 70 pg protein were pipetted and treated as in Fig. 4. Results are expressed as cyclic rHAMP bound in pmol/mg protein. bound to these fractions, was quantitatively recovered in the Millipore filtrates after trichloroacetic acid extraction. The extent t o which this free cyclic AMP may or not be bound to other proteins is presently not known.Cyclic-AMP Exchange under Binding Conditions The extent of cyclic AMP exchange under binding conditions (0 C, 1 h, 100 nM cyclic AMP) must be controlled if corrections for simultaneous exchange have to be applied t o binding data extracts of rat diaphragms treated with theophylline and theophylline epinephrine were first saturated with 1 O O n M unlabelled cyclic AMP (binding conditions) and then exchanged with 1 pM cyclic 3HAMP but a t 0 C. After 2 h, the temp erature was raised to 20 C and completion ofthe exchange measured after 1-2 h further incubation.Fig. 5 shows that a t 0 C, within 1h incubation time, which are the conditions described above for the binding assay, about 200/, of total sites were exchangeable. Under these conditions, ATP and Mg ions slightly increase the exchange velocity. I n addition, this figure confirms that a t 20 C total exchange capacities were identical for epinephrine-treated and untreated diaphragms hence initial + + Em. J. Biochem. 40 (1973) L. Do Khac, S. Harbon, and H. J. Clauser 183 Table 5. Relationship between intracellular cyclic A M P levels and cyclic AM P binding in extracts from diaphragm incubated under various conditions Diaphragms were incubated with or without 10 mM theophylline for 30 min at 37 C, 5 pM epinephrine was added where indicated and incubation continued for varying times. From each incubation, half a diaphragm was extracted by trichloroacetic acid for cyclic AMP estimation. The other half was homogenized with Tris-HC1buffer lOOnM cyclic 3HAMP(method B) for exogenous cyclic AMP binding after 1 h a t 0 C maximal binding capacities were determined in the same extracts a t 20 C in the presence of 1 pM cyclic 3HAMP under conditions described for cyclic A P exchange.R. esults are expressed as pmol cyclic AMP/mg M protein. Endogenous binding values were calculated as the difference between maximal binding capacities ( A )and exogenousbinding ( B ) and corrected for the 200/, exchange + Incubation conditions Theophylline 10 mM Epinephrine 5t*M Time Cyclic AMP Total level Maximal binding Exogenous capacity binding (a) (b) Endogenous binding (a-b) corrected min pmol/mg protein + + + + + + 0 2 10 30 5 5 20. 5 52 43 38 46 170 f 4. 7 & 0. 47 f2 f 10. 7 9. 6 f 0. 9 9. 4 f 0. 1 9. 20 9. 40 8. 9 5 0. 73 8. 9 & 0. 85 5. 35 f0. 40 4. 50 f 0. 133 4. 40 4. 70 4. 46 f 0. 20 2. 7 f0. 224 5. 31 6. 13 6 5. 5 5. 53 7. 77 differences in residual binding capacities reflect variat ions in the degree of saturation of the receptor proteins by endogenous cyclic AMP, rather than modifications of their maximal binding capacity. 1 Titration o Endogenous Cyclic-AMP Binding in Rat f Diaphragm. Effects of Theophylline and Epinephrine Since total binding capacities of the receptor proteins in the extracts and the amount of exogenous cyclic 3HAMP bound by these extracts after homogenization may be estimated, it appears possible to calculate endogenous cyclic AMP bound in the intact organs, correcting for a 2001, exchange during the titration period.Table 5 summarizes the results of a series of experiments where diaphragms have been incubated under conditions which modify endogenous levels of cyclic AMP in every case, half of the diaphragm was extracted with cold trichloroacetic acid (see Methods) for the assay of intracellular cyclic AMP levels the second half was extracted according to method B for the estimation of exogenous cyclic 3HAMP binding and of total cyclic AM P binding capacities. The endogenous cyclic AMP bound was calculated from the latter experimental data.This table definitely establishes that the average values obtained for the intracellular binding of endogenous cyclic AMP in the intact organ seem to correlate with its cyclic AMP levels. A reciprocal plot of intracellular binding versus intracellular cyclic AMP concentrations (Fig. 6) shows that this correlation fits simple saturation kinetics very accurately. I n the unstimulated diaphragm (no theophylline nor epinephrine added to the incubation medium) about 50/, of the available binding sites are occupied by endogenous cyclic AMP this Eur. J. Biochem. 40 (1973) -0. 002 I 0. 002 l/Free cyclic AMP (nM-) 0 0. 004 . Fig. 6. Reciprocal plot of intracellular cyclic A M P levels and cyclic A M P binding in rat-diaphragm extracts. Data arc obtained from experiments performed as described in Table 5 and replotted according t o the Klotz equation. The intercept on the y axis yields a n e stimate of the number of binding sites and the x intercept provides a n estimation of the intracellular apparent dissociation constant. Statistical analysis of the data were performed according to Cleland 26 using a Wang electronic calculator alue increases to almost goo/,, when the diaphragms have been fully stimulated with both theophylline and epinephrine. Various treatments with one of the agonists alone cause endogenous bindings ranging between these two extreme values. The apparent Kd value for intracellular binding according to this plot was estimated to 330 nM f 50, as compared to the apparent Kd (33-45 nM) when binding was assayed in the extracts (Fig. l and 2). Hence a difference of about one order of magnitude appears to obtain between the Kd values calculated within the cell and the 84 Intracellular Titration of Cyclic AMP-Receptor Protein Binding same constant measured with diaphragm homogenates. The double-reciprocal plot may also be used to calculate the intracellular maximal binding capacities, from its intercept with the ordinate axis. A value of 8. 9 pmol/mg protein was found which coincides with the values measured in the extracts by total cyclic 3HAMP exchange. This discrepancy between the intracellular Kd and the Kd measured in vitro in a variety of tissue extracts including diaphragm may a t first sight seem surprising.It has however repeatedly been pointed out that cyclic AMP concentration even in the unstimulated cell was far in excess of the concentration which should result in almost maximal stimulation of protein kinases and compartmentalization of the nucleotide within the cell has usually been postulated to explain this contradiction 8,9,20. The present work shows that despite these high intracellular concentrations of cyclic AMP, protein kinases could indeed not be fully activated, since under the same conditions, the receptor proteins appear not to be fully saturated with cyclic AMP. Concluding RemarksAs might have been expected from Equation (1) (if this reaction genuinely reflects intracellular conditions) a rise in cyclic AMP should be paralleled by an increase in the amount of cyclic AMP bound to receptor protein in the cell. The results reported show this indeed to be the case in the isolated rat diaphragm when this tissue is stimulated by various agents which increase the level of cyclic AMP the amount of protein receptors endogenously saturated by cyclic AMP (R cyclic AMP) rises, as indicated in our experiments by a decrease in their ability to bind exogenously added cyclic 3HAMP after tissue extraction.Maximal binding capacities for cyclic AMP do not seem to be affected under any circumstance. A parallel approach t o the study of this problem has been undertaken by Corbin et al. 12 and Soderling et al. 13 who investigated in adipose tissue under various stimulatory conditions, the state of activation of the catalytic subunit (C) by assaying the cyclic AMP dependence of the protein kinase in tissues extracts. These authors demonstrated that under well-defined xperimental conditions, there was a quantitative relationship between the intracellular level of cyclic AMP and the amount of the active C unit which could be separated from the complex protein kinase RC. However in their experiments high concentrations of NaCl had to be added to the extracts, since in its absence R and C tended to reassociate almost immediately, indicating that cyclic AMP is no longer bound to its receptor protein (R). The situation in various other tissue xtracts has been found to be analogous, except with skeletal muscle, where preliminary results obtained by the authors led them to suggest that the protein kinase subunits do not readily reassociate. This seems also to be the case for the diaphragm, since under the conditions of the present work, it has been possible to titrate for R * cyclic AMP in the crude extracts even in the absence of high salt concentrations acccurate estimations of intracelM a r binding of cyclic AMP have been obtained and correlated with the absolute amounts of the nucleotide present in the stimulated and unstimulated cell.The binding seems t o obey simple saturation kinetics but the apparent Kd of this binding is about10 times higher as compared with the crude extracts. These results may be explained by cyclic AMP compartmentalization within the cell in this case, however, the simple saturation kinetics would indicate that the various pools of the cyclic nucleotide attain equilibrium very rapidly.Or else, if cyclic AMP within the cell is not compartmentalized, and if the reaction described by Equation (1) may be applied, without any modification, to intracellular equilibria, a decrease in the apparent Kd could be merely a consequence of the dilution (about 10-fold) of the protein components during extraction of the tissue, while cyclic AMP concentrations are maintained by the addition of exogenous cyclic 3HAMP.However these two hypotheses are certainl y oversimplified, since they do not take into account factors like the intracellular concentration of the heat-stable kinase inhibitor 21,22, ATP or Mg2+ 19,23, which are known to affect cyclic AMP binding either in crude extracts or with purified protein kinase preparations. It seems impossible to decide at present which of these interpretations is most likely to reflect professedly intracellular conditions. It is noteworthy that the apparent Kd estimated is close to the intracehlar cyclic AMP concentration of the nstimulated tissue, a fact which should account for maximal sensitivity of the regulatory mechanisms under physiological conditions. Hormonal controls at the level of cyclic AMP-receptor protein interaction have hitherto never been described the data reported above provide a adapted means for investigating such problems. The authors are very much indebted to Mrs Ginette Delarbre for her excellent technical assistance and to Mrs Marie-ThBrBse Crosnier for preparing the m anuscript. The present work has been performed thanks to two authoritative grants of the C. N. R. S. Paris, France ERA No 33 and ATP No 429. 914), to a grant obtained from the D. G. R. S. T. (No 72. 7. 0135), to a generous contribution of the Fondation pour la Recherche Mf? dicale Franpise and to a participation of the CEA (Saclay, France) in the purchase of radioactive compounds. The work has been performed as a partial fulfillment of a thesis (Doctorat Bs-Sciences) submitted by L. D. -K. Eur. J. Biochem. 40 (1973) L. Do Khac, S. Harbon, and H. J. Clauser REFERENCES 1. Robison, G. A. , Butcher, R. W. & Sutherland, E. W. (1968) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 37, 149-174. 2.Walsh, D. A. , Perkins, J. P. & Krebs, E. G. (1968) J. Biol. Chem. 243, 3763-3765. 3. Kuo, J. F. & Greengard, P. (1969) Proc. Nut. Acad. Xci. U . S. A. 64, 1349-1355. 4. Reimann, E. M. , Brostrom, C. O. , Corbin, J. D. , King, C. A. & Krebs, E. G. (1971) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 42, 187-194. 5. Tao, M, Salas, M. L. & L ipmann, F. (1970) Proc. Nut. Acad. Sci. U . S. A. 67, 408-414. 6. Gill, G. N. & Garren, L. D. (1970)Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 39, 335-343. 7. Craig, J. W. , Rall, T. W. & Larner, J. (1969) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 177, 213-219. 8. Stuil, J. Mayer, S. E. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 5716-5723. 9. Schaeffer, L. D. , Chenoweth, M. & Dunn, A. (1969) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 192, 292-303. 10. Miller, T. B. , Exton, J. H. & Park, C. R. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 3672-3678. 11. Harbon, S. & Clauser, H. (1971) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 44, 1496-1503. 12. Corbin, J. D. , Soderling, T. R. & Park, C. R. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248. 1813-1821. 185 13. Soderling, T. R. , Corbin, J. D. & Park, C. R. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 1822-1829. 14. Gill, G. N. & Garren, L. D. (1969) Proc. Nut. A d . Sci. U. 8. A. 63, 512-519. 5. Walton, G. M. & Garren, L. D. (1970) Biochemistry, 9, 4223-4229. 16. Gilman, A. G. (1970) Proc. Nut. Acad. Sci. U. 8. A. 67, 305-3 12. 17. Do Khac, L. , Harbon, S. & Clauser, H. (1973) Ninth Int. Congr. Biochem. p. 354. 18. Lowry, 0. H. , Rosebrough, N. J. , Farr, A. L. & Randall, R. J. (1954) J. Biol. Chem. 193, 265-275. 19. Wilchek, M. , Salomon, Y. , Lowe, M. & Selinzer, Z. (1971)Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 45,1177-1184. 20. Chambaut. A. M. , Lerav, F. & Hanoune, J. (1971)PEBS . . . Lett. 15,328-334. Walsh, D. A. , Ashby, C. D. , Gonzalez, C. , Calkines, D. 21. Fisher. E. H. & Krebs. E. G. (1971)J. Biol. Chem. 246, i977-1985. 22. Ashby, C. D. & Walsh, D. A. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 1255-1261. 23. Haddox. M. K. , Newton, N. E. , Hartler, D. K. & Goldberg, N. D. (1972) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 47,-653-661. 24. Klotz, I. M. (1953)in The Proteins (Neurath, H. & Bailey, K. , eds) p. 772, Academic Press, New York. 25. Cleland, W. W. (1967) Advan. Enzymol. 29, 1. , L. Do Khac, S. Harbon and H. J. Clauser, Institut de Biochimie, Universit6 de Paris-Sud, BLtiment 432, F-91405 Orsay, France Eur. J. Biochem. 40 (1973)

Management Functions at Work: Dell’s Secret in its Success

The success of managing an organization cannot occur, at least not within a reasonable clip frame, without the functions of anxiety deeply imbibed within their operations. Today, more companies recognize the benefits that of these functions of management in the process of organizational development. The implementation and outcome of their operations rely greatly on how they stick with these functions.In rudimentary management classes, we all learned that the job of every manager involves what is known as the functions of management planning, organizing, directing, and controlling. Henry Fayol, a lead up of management theory. He was the first to outline the main functions of management. These functions are goal-directed, interrelated and interdependent. Planning involves devising a systematic process for attaining the goals of the organization. It prepares the organization for the future.Organizing involves arranging the incumbent resources to carry out the plan. It is the proces s of creating structure, establishing relationships, and allocating resources to accomplish the goals of the organization. Directing involves the guiding, leading, and overseeing of employees to achieve organizational goals. Finally, controlling involves verifying that actual performance fulfiles the plan. If performance results do not match the plan, corrective action should be taken (Allen, 1998).Furthermore, Mintzberg (1973) undertook an extensive study of five executives (including four CEOs) at work. Based on this research, Mintzberg developed a different take to Fayols four functions and improved it as he indicated three major management roles interpersonal, informational and decisional.In the present view of a success in both given company, a study of how they applied these functions and roles as an organization is vital in attaining their goals. One example of those companies is dingle Inc., which is a trusted and diversified information-technology provider in the US. Th eir business involves selling comprehensive portfolio of products and services directly to customers worldwide. Dell, recognized by Fortune magazine as Americas most admired company and no. 3 globally, designs, builds and delivers innovative, tailored systems that provide customers with exceptional value. Company revenue for the last four quarters was $52.8 billion (Dell Website).However, with the swiftly growing business Dell Computers bring faced serious problems before. When Dell CEO Michael S. Dell and President Kevin B. Rollins met privately in the fall of 2001, they felt confident that the company was recovering from the global shoot in PC sales. Regardless of what they thought, internal interviews among their employees revealed that subordinates thought Dell, 38, was impersonal and emotionally detached, while Rollins, 50, was seen as autocratic and antagonistic. Few felt strong loyalty to the companys leaders. Worse, the discontented was spreading A survey taken over the summer, following the companys first-ever mass layoffs, found that half of Dell Inc.s employees would set aside if they got the chance (Park and Burrows, 2003).As much as it was a big surprise, what happened next says much about why Dell was tagged as the best-managed company in area of technology. In other companies, the management might fix shrugged off the criticisms or let the issue slide. But what Dell did was to focus on these criticisms that were thrown at them for they fear that their best employees would leave them.Within a week, Dell bravely faced his top 20 managers and offered a frank self-critique, acknowledging that he is hugely shy and that it sometimes made him seem aloof and unapproachable. He vowed to forge tighter bonds with his team. Some of his employees were shocked because they knew personality tests given to key executives had repeatedly shown Dell to be an off-the-charts introvert, and such an admission from him had to have been awe-inspiring and pride-s wallowing. But in the closer analysis, Dell was just utilizing his interpersonal management role as what Mintzberg has previously emphasized in his management model.The success of how Michael Dell manages the company that has elevated it far above its direct selling business model. The secret might be situated in his belief that the status quo is never good enough, even if it means painful changes for the man with his name on the door. When success is achieved, its greeted with five seconds of praise followed by five hours of postmortem on what could have been done better. Michael Dell always emphasized, Celebrate for a nanosecond. Then move on. One anecdote about his penchant on this belief is when an outfit unresolved its first Asian factory in Malaysia. The Dell, as the CEO then, sent the manager heading the job one of his old running shoes to plume him. The message This is only the first step in a marathon.Just as crucial is Michael Dells belief that once a problem is uncovere d, it should be dealt with rapidly and directly, without excuses. Theres no The dog ate my homework here, says Dell. Indeed, after Randall D. Groves, then head of the server business, delivered 16% higher sales last year, he was demoted. Never mind that no(prenominal) of its rivals came close to that. It could have been better, say two former Dell executives. Groves referred calls to a Dell spokesman, who says Groves job change was part of a broader reorganization.Thus, a managers role is to lead his/her organization to a clearly stated objective, as what Michael S. Dell did to his company. In doing so he/she must muster all his resources in a taciturn and organized attempt at achieving those goals. As Erik Brynjolfsson, director of the Center for e art at the MIT intelligently observed about Dells secret management carriage Theyre inventing business processes. Its an asset that Dell has that its competitors dont.Works CitedAbout Dell. Dell Incorporated Website. Acquired online September 19, 2005 at http//www1.us.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/en/home?c=us&l=en&s=corpAllen, G. Managerial Functions, 1998. Acquired online September 19, 2005Mintzberg, H. The Nature of Managerial Work, Harper and Row, New York, NY, 1973.Park, A. and Burrows, P. What you dont know about Dell. Business Week The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. No. 3856, November 3, 2003, p. 76

America and the challenges of religious diversity Essay

Religion and TheoryIntroduction The world today is dynamic such that at that place is need to recognize the diversity of the people that live in it. People across the world are different in terms of culture, religion and race. However, on that point are few people that have consistently failed to accommodate diverse beliefs and opinions. One of the diversity factor that has come under sharp focus is religion. each over the world, there are people with special religious sensitivities and thus the need to accommodate diverse opinions when it comes to religion. Such people should be allowed to promote and coif their religious beliefs and practices with little or no interference. However, this freedom should be limited to the fact that the said religious beliefs and practices do not infringe on the rights of new(prenominal) people in the society. The practice of religious persecutions started man7y years ago when certain religious beliefs and practices were discouraged. The conseque nces of practicing the discouraged religious practices included harassment and illegal persecution. Today, it is very exhausting to identify individual(a)s with special sensitivities and sensibilities from the street. However, there are certain factors that are common with certain religious following. Different religious groups have different code of dressing. This readiness make it easier to identify an individual with religious sensitivity. According to Wuthnow, (2011), religious groups such as the Islamic faith require that women dress modestly. Inn more materialistic Muslims, women are required to wear veils covering most of their body. This is to reinforce their religious beliefs regarding chastity and behaviour. Muslim men to a fault wear long flowing gowns which also would make them easy to identify. Almost every ethno-religious subcultures ranging from mainstream religious following such as the Hindu to smaller ethno-religious subcultures such as the Amish have a item d ress code. However, the dressing code is not the only way that one can identify people with religious sensitivities. The important thing for every individual in the society is to learn and respect the divergent opinion of the general populous when it comes to religion.ReferencesWuthnow, R. (2011). America and the challenges of religious diversity. Princeton University Press.Source document

Marilynne Robinson’s Housekeeping

In Housekeeping (1980), Marilyn Robinson provides a sense of women and the space and the domestic cons recrudescets of society. The story crosses several generations of women and their lives in a single phratry in a town named Fingerbone.Ruthie is the main protagonist. She is a young woman who grew up in a household of women, beginning with her grandmother, thus her great aunts, her aunt, and her just sister. yet the house in which they were all trapped in one way or another was built by and for a man. He was a child of the plains who longed for the mountains, and the site of the house was his dream, not theirs. The isolation of the house physically paralleled the senseal isolation of all the characters.Indeed, the tone of the narration by Ruthie is emotionally flat. disdain the level of tragedy which is continually visited on the family, the language and the flavor of the conversation is highly unemotional and detached. From the perspective of showing an important character istic of the narrator, her lack of emotion in general, it is rather a boring effect for the reader. It keeps the protagonist distanced from the very audience which should be sympathetic to her.The story is a simple reduceward progression. Ruthie and her sister Louise came to live in the house later offset printing her grandfather died in a train wreck which pitched the train into a local lake, then her mother committed suicide after dropping the girls off with their grandmother. No reason for this action is given, nor do the characters chequerm to particularly care. Five years later, their grandmother, who had petty(a) emotional connection with the girls also died, leaving her two older sisters-in-law in charge. They equally had no idea what to do with young girls.The first intrusion on the blandness of life was the return of Sylvie, Ruthies mothers sister who was itinerant and mysterious. Certainly the aunts did not approve of her. But she was a convenience, for when she came the aunts were free to go home and leave matters but in her hands. Sylvie is the first person in the novel to show any emotion, and she does show love toward the girls.Sylvie is the breath of fresh air in an otherwise stagnant world. But it quickly becomes apparent that she will probably not stay forever. Lucille is a child who is likely to stay put, but Ruthie responds to Sylvies suppressed wanderlust. At give-up the ghost they have a source of information ab bug out their mother, about the larger world. Sylvie was the opposite of the oppressive atmosphere of the town and the house. Both closed in on a person, making them small. But Sylvie had broken away before, and neither the town nor the house had any real power over her.When spring came shortly after Sylvies arrival, the town flooded, again cutting the three of them off from other military personnel company and stranding them in the house. With this development, the girls find that they are becoming dependent on Sylvie and f or the first time learn that they have something to fear in being separated from her by the state. As always, there is a sense of loss, of the fear of abandonment.The reaction by the local townspeople to the women revealed much of the character of the family and of themselves. Robinson describes them as standoffish, knowing hardly anyone in town. They were self sufficient to themselves, and the house was a symbol of this. It was built alone(predicate) on a hill so that it did not suffer as the rest of the town did in times of flood. The townspeople came and made sure they were all right and then left to put the town back in order unaided by Ruthie, Sylvie and Lucille.The primary social contact for the girls was the school they att finish. But even there, they were isolated. Because of some unpleasantness for Lucille in which she was accused of cheating, some(prenominal) girls played hookey for an extended period of time. It was while they were hiding out that they saw Sylvie try t o walk crosswise the narrow, dangerous railroad bridge that spanned the lake. This was the same bridge where the train derailment which killed their grandfather occurred. As a result, both girls were very fearful of the loss they faced if something happened to her.It is at this point that housekeeping comes into the plot. Sylvie talked a lot about it and even did some. But she was very eccentric about the meals she prepared and the cleaning that she did. Lucille was not content with Sylvie, but Ruthie was for Ruthie was a kindred spirit. Lucille began to turn her attention to the town and the more conventional life it held out. By summer, it was clear that Lucilles loyalties lay elsewhere.But for the summer they both stayed out of the house most of the time and hid in the woods. Lucille increasingly found things to dislike about Sylvie, especially her housekeeping which was erratic. She offended Lucilles sense of propriety. By implication, Ruthie lacked one for she and Sylvie seemed to be similar in tastes and goals, or rather lack of goals. Essentially, Sylvie was a transient in the settled world, and Lucille was one who would voluntarily stay put.With time, the girls began to separate, and there arose an us versus them mentality, with us being Ruthie and Sylvie. Lucille invented a mother who was a meticulous housekeeper and a traditional mother. Ruthie had no such illusions, nor did she care. With time, the house under Sylvies management became increasingly more disheveled, and full-of-the-moon of papers and other rubbish. Ruthie adapted and was comfortable with it, as was Sylvie, but Lucille moved out to pursue a more normal life.The climactic series of events which ended up tearing the family apart truly was Ruthies joining Sylvie in an overnight jaunt which started with a stolen rowboat for a chance to look at the train submerged in the lake holding her grandfathers remains and the eventual ride back into town on a freight train. That set the ladies of th e town to trying to see that Ruthie did not herself succumb to being a transient. Under the threat of having the state take Ruthie from Sylvie, both decided to flee together. They first tried to burn down the house, but it did not burn. They escaped by walking at night across the railroad bridge, and were subsequently presumed dead. For the rest of their lives they wandered from place to place, rootless. Ruthie took up the life that Sylvie led, and both drifted around, never seeing Lucille again.There is a great sense of loss and sadness in this book. There is little in the way of close human connection, sympathy, or love. Overall, it is both ghostly and depressing. However, its strength is in the perceptive description of people and places. Robinson is especially vivid with the sense of place, whether of the house or the place in Seattle where the girls lived with their mother before coming to Fingerbone. Her descriptions of people were clear portraits that told as much of their ch aracter as their appearance. What the book lacked emotionally was made up in the nontextual matter of the language.

Eminent Domain When Can the Government Take the Property of a Citizen Without His Consent?

Melanie Carter Political Science 2212 State & Local disposal W01 Spring 2013 Eminent battleground field When Can the Government Take the Property of a Citizen Without His Consent? One of the more disputable Government actions is its ability to exercise the power of towering country to progress to control of dimension that belongs to an individual or buck private entity against their leave behind. Eminent airfield, broadly down the stairsstood, is the power of the order to seize private lieu without the possessors consent (WordNet).This report allow examine the elements of lofty bowl and what protections be in place for citizens that whitethorn be make by it, identify types of transactions that are typic all(prenominal)y involved and accepted in uplifted domain faux pass and discuss what the citizens should expect to receive as compensation even though they have lost the office due to near of the broad definitions of the elements. Any time the governing is taking the plaza of an individual, without his consent, it is a controversial matter.Many politicians and citizens agree that it was necessary to establish a method of acquiring position for the needs of the common rock-steady of the community even when thither is a lone consent out property possessor. It has been held that the power of proud domain can only be exercised after meeting the protection standards established under the 5th Amendment of The United States Constitution. We have been conditioned through the media that the Fifth Amendment protects us against self-incrimination I plead the fifth.Self-Incrimination is an of the essence(p) aspect but most people male parentt realize that the Fifth Amendment has a taking cla engross designed to protect the property owners. No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, drop in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Mi litia, when in actual attend in time of War or existence danger nor shall any person be subject for he same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law nor shall private property be interpreted for humankind uptake without expert compensation (United States Constitution Fifth Amendment). The Amendment initially only applied at a federal level until pass shape up of the Fourteenth Amendment in which due process and equal protection were make applicable to the states.Taken at face value, the Fifth Amendment taking cla practice can be broken rarify into four basic elements Nor shall (1) private property be (2) taken for (3) general recitation without (4) unspoilt compensation The first is private property, it is self-explanatory and the definition is fairly narrow today although its prior applications were more gabby f or example one of the biggest topics with emancipation of slaves was the one time belief that they were seen as property and not as individuals and this status protected the property owner.It was this view that brought about the Emancipation Proclamation and passage of the Thirteenth Amendment. secret property is defined as Private property N-land or belongings owned by a person or group and kept for their exclusive use (Dictionary. com) The next element is the taking of the property. The property my be taken from the owner without their consent in order to make an improvement of some air that will have a beneficial result for the community.Its important in any case to note that property owner is not only in jeopardy of losing their property to the government but that it may withdraw to a private developer for the purpose of an improvement that might add value to the urban center for example in the form of taxes. In the case of rarified domain the property is taken without th e consent of the owner of the property. If the owner were to consent or agree to a payment then it is simply a transaction and eminent domain is no longer applicable.The third element is the requirement that the property is taken for in the public eye(predicate) use and because of the definition applied for public use it is the most controversial. While the party who is surrendering his property under eminent domain will almost al delegacys be upset or offended, the remainder of the citizens will typically may not take issue with the process as long as they see the wellbeing for themselves and their communities. Improved infrastructure much(prenominal) as road mental synthesis, bridge building, water shed protection and statement are examples of these takings that are agreeable with most of the people.The broad definition of national Use in Eminent domain cases as applied today Public use n. the only purpose for which private property can be taken (condemned) by the government under its power of eminent domain. Public use includes schools, streets, highways, hospitals, government buildings, parks, water reservoirs, flood control, slum clearance and redevelopment, public housing, public theaters and stadiums, safety facilities, harbors, bridges, railroads, airports, terminals, prisons, jails, public utilities, canals, and numerous other purposes designated as beneficial to the public (Hill & Hill).This broad definition was reviewed and established primarily base on devil US independent hail cases. The first is a 1954 decision in the case of Berman v. Parker (Law. Cornell. Edu) and it was found that public use has a much more broad reach than simply building a roadway. In Berman, the case dealt with the District of Columbia Re-Development Act of 1945 and found it to be constitutional for the administrative agency to take the appellants building from him. The appellant owned property and used it for technical purposes, to use urban slang, he was a slum lord and the agency complimentsed to re-develop the area.The Supreme Court agreed that it was reasonable to eliminate and prevent slum and substandard housing conditionseven though such(prenominal) property may be sold or leased to other private interests subject to conditions designed to accomplish these purposes (Law. Cornell. Edu). After upholding the Re-Development Act, the definition of public use was spread out to cover the aforementioned beneficial to the public. Essentially the Supreme Court said that the requirements of the Fifth Amendment are fulfilled when the owner of the property receives his just compensation for the taken property.Berman remained the standard for 50 days, but it was not the final say of the US Supreme Court when it add ups to defining Public Use. The next case would further expand on the public portion of the definition in 2004 with the case of Kelo v. The City of New London. In this case, the Supreme Court expanded on the earlier Berman decision . The City of New London had established a development plan that intercommunicate to create in excess of 1,000 jobs, which would improver tax and other revenues and would also revitalize an economically plagiarizeed city including its downtown and waterfront areas(Minier, 2005).After buying most of the property necessary for the development in that respect were a a few(prenominal) hold out landowners who refused to sell their property. The city wanted to use the power of eminent domain to take possession of the properties that belonged the holdout owners. The Supreme Court set precedent when it found for the City of New London and refused to overturn the ruling of the Supreme Court of Connecticut allowing for property to be transferred to a private owner for the use of economic development, which would benefit the community and therefore could be defined as public use.This broadened the public use definition and has created a lot of controversy because it allows a for-profit, private entity to become the bracing owner of the taken property as long as it can be shown that the public will benefit. The use of eminent domain for this purpose will often result in public outcry and protest because the citizens dont agree with the encroachment by private entities much less the government. As an example, what if Ford get Company approached the City of Kennesaw about building a new manufacturing plant for its popular F-150 pick-up line.They are think on creating 2,500 new jobs with the factory as well as relocating another 250 current employees to the area. Ford has acquired all the necessary parcels of land except for one house on one and a half earth that the owner refused to sell despite offers from the company to pay for the property and relocate the owner. The new plant would increase the tax base for the city and would bring people into the area into new homes (creating more business with construction) or into currently vacant homes.Under the broadened definition of public use the property could be taken by the city as long as just compensation is paid to the owner, and the city could then sell the property to Ford Motor Company to complete the project. The Final element of eminent domain is just compensation for the property which has been taken (Smith, Greenblatt & Mariani, 2011). The receipt by the property owner of this just compensation is what c dope offs out the requirements under the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution.While the Berman ruling was significant towards defining public use, the Supreme Court felt it was important to tattle of just compensation in its findings on the case. Just compensation is very subjective because usually the hold out property owner has established a value for his property that is not agreeable to the emptor of the property or in some cases the property has a greater than cash value to the property owner who is just determined not to sell it or have it taken away from him.Initially the gov ernment will initiate the process of acquiring the property that they need to complete their project just as if they are attempting to obtain it as an independent buyer would. If there is a meeting of the minds and an agreement is reached the purchase is a simple procedure. The challenge comes in when the current owner and the government do not come to an agreement it is at this point that the process of eminent domain will begin with the formal file of a lawsuit by the government to take the property.It is also important to note each state has its own laws in regards to eminent domain for example, in one state the government may be required to pay any legal fees assessed in the case. As discussed earlier, if the parties were to come to terms on a purchase then eminent domain would not be applicable. The owner has the right to just compensation which is compensation for property taken under eminent domain that places a property owner in the same position as before the property is t aken see also eminent domain.NOTE Just compensation is usually the fair securities industry value of the property taken. Since the definition of public use has been broadened it the significance of just compensation increases because it is the greater judicial measure of having met the requirements of the Fifth Amendment. Further, The owner of property is empower to be put in as good a position pecunuarily as if his property had not been taken. Fair Market Value as applied within just compensation is also subjective and controversial.FMV (Fair Market Value) will consider current improvements to the property but it does not take into discover sentimental value, historical significance, or future increase in value of the property. When addressing the just compensation issue the government usually has the advantage because if they have already decided to exercise the Power of Eminent domain then negotiations have usually ended and with the public use issue settled the property owner can only take the issue to court and hope for a favorable decision and submit through arbitration or the court process.While just compensation covers the property at fair market value it does not cover attorneys fees related to the disputed acquisition of the property. The challenge here is that the family that has been displaced may find little satisfaction in being justly compensated (in the eyes of the government) for having their lives in an upheaval their lives may be wrapped up in the community in which they have been grow and eminent domain could cause an unjust hardship outside of the monetary issue. This is one of the examples that make eminent domain one of the most unpopular acts.The Power of Eminent domain plays an important role in our communities. Although the Fifth Amendment was designed to afford protection to the property owners that protection has been diluted through a serial of court rulings that have broadened definitions and allow Eminent domain to work in the governments favor. Essentially the government will prevail if it meets the four elements of the Fifth Amendments takings clause nor shall (1) private property be (2) taken for (3) public use without (4) just compensation.When deciding the next course of action the property owner should be aware these elements and also should consider the worthiness of the challenge. Currently the Atlanta Falcons, a private sports franchise, are flavor for a new stadium that will be built and operated in a joint supposition with the City of Atlanta through a government appointed agency, The Georgia World Congress refer Authority and just compensation will play heavily in the activities of property acquisition.There are two performes in the way of the proposed new stadium site, one of which wants to improve its standing and position and the other has age and historical significance. Friendship Baptist Church has historical significance in that it was started by slaves more than 150 years ago a nd is the oldest black Baptist church in the city of Atlanta and many important events/institutions began at this church including the fact that Spelman College was founded in the basement of the church and Morehouse College held classes there (Proctor, 2013).At this point, Lloyd Hawk who is the Chair of the Board of Trustees for the church says that they want the significance of the church to continue to be at the forefront and they want some of the significance of the church, such as the Bell Tower, to remain but they are waiting to see what kind of offer they are going to be made. The other church, Mount Vernon Baptist, has conceded that they would sell and have stated that they want to do what is better for both the community and the church.There will be other property owners who choose to hold out severe to get the best deal. This matter will be a good, relevant case strike in eminent domain because it will involve all aspects of the disputed issues including public money, p ublic use, increase economic impact, and private corporate involvement. The bottom line is that in the case of eminent domain there is no clear winner and there may be a clear loser. In some cases it may be a good thing for all parties involved perhaps the property owner has no ties to the property and is ready to get out.Taking payment for the property may be a way that they can walk away cleanly. But, the government, in my eyes will never be the loser because they will always get what they want. The homeowner may not want to surrender the property for any metre of money based on sentiment or any number of other reasons and being pressure out of their gamily home is stressful. Or, the homeowner may feel that the financial (just compensation) falls short of their expectations or they may simply be greedy and want too much.In either scenario the homeowner is clearly the loser if they lose their home under circumstance that they feel are less than ideal if the power of eminent domai n prevails. Bibliography Hill, G. , & Hill, K. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http//legal-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/public use Minier, D. (2005). Kelo v. city of new london. Retrieved from http//www. casebriefs. com/blog/law/property/property-law-keyed-to-dukeminier/eminent-domain-and-the-problem-of-regulatory-takings/kelo-v-city-of-new-london/ Miriam Webster. N. p. n. p. , n. d.Http//dictionary. findlaw. com/definition/just-compensation. hypertext mark-up language. Web. 04 Apr. 2013. . (n. d. ). Retrieved from http//www. law. cornell. edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0348_0026_ZS. html private property. (n. d. ). WordNet 3. 0. 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