THE OPIUM WARS OF CHINA Essays - Economic History Of China

THE OPIUM WARS OF CHINA By: Inaan Damaraju Tuesday May 9, 2016 Mrs. Linda Doolittle The Opium Wars of 1839 to 1842 and 1856 to 1860 marked a new stage in Chinas affiliation with the West. Chinas military failures in these wars forced its rulers to sign treaties opening a great number of ports to foreign trade. The restrictions enforced under the Canton system were nullified. Opium, despite imperial restrictions, now became a regular item of trade. As opium choked the Chinese market, its price dropped, and local consumption of the drug increased swiftly. The drug infiltrated all levels of society, from the peasant to the nobles. In the new treaty ports, foreign traders worked together with a greater variety of Chinese merchants than under the Canton system, and they ventured deeply into the Chinese interior. Missionaries brought Christian values and teachings to villagers; the diplomatic rights obtained under the treaties protected them. Popular hostility to the new foreigners began to rise. The Opium wars are rightly named, as it was not trade, but rather unrestrict ed drug trade, the countries addiction to opium, weakened military and antagonism between the locals and foreigners that brought China down. Under the system enforced by the Qing dynasty to manage and control trade in the 18th century, Western traders were allowed to conduct trade only through the southern port of Canton (Guangzhou). They were restricted, and forced to reside in the city within a limited space, including their warehouses. They were prevented from bringing their family along, and they could not stay there more than a few months of the year. Qing officials closely watched over trading relations, allowing only approved merchants from Western countries to trade through a monopoly guild of Chinese merchants called the Cohong. Western merchants could not contact Qing officials directly, and there were no formal relations between China and Western countries. The Qing emperor regarded trade as a form a tribute, or gifts given to him personally to honor his greatness. Western traders, for their part, conducted trade through licensed monopoly companies, like Britains East India Company and the Dutch VOC. Despite th e great many restrictions, both sides found a way to make the situation favorable by learning how to make profits through cooperation with each other. The Chinese Hong merchants, the key middlemen between the foreign traders and the officials, developed close relations with Westerners, instructing them on how to conduct their business without bothering the Chinese bureaucracy. As the volume of trade grew, however, the British demanded more and more access to Chinas markets. Tea exports from China grew exponentially from 92,000 pounds in 1700 to 2.7 million pounds in 1751. By 1800 the East India Company was purchasing approximately 23 million pounds of tea per year all at a cost of of 3.6 million pounds of silver. Concerned that the China trade was draining England of all its silver, the British searched for a equivalent asset to trade for tea and porcelain. They found it in opium, which they planted in large quantities after they had taken Bengal, in India, in 1757. In 1816, Lord Ge orge Mcartney went on a mission to the court in Beijing in 1793 that was aimed to promote British trade by creating direct ties between the British government and the emperor. After his failure in 1816, the British were convinced that force as to only way to get China to open up its ports. The major Indian source of British opium pledged for China was in Patna, Bengal, where the drug was processed and packed into large 140-pound chests. The annual flow to China was approximately 4,000 chests by 1790, and a little more than double by the early 1820s. Imports began to increase at an astonishing rate in the 1830s, however, as free trade agitation gained strength in Britain and the East India Companys control over the Chinese international trade approached its termination date (in 1834). The Company became more dependent than ever on the revenue generated through opium. While private merchants hurried to increase their stake in the enticing trade. On the eve of the first Opium War, the British were shipping around 40,000 chests to China annually. By this date, it was

Essay Sample on Indian Culture The Understanding of Values and Traditions

Essay Sample on Indian Culture The Understanding of Values and Traditions Human beings learn their cultural traditions and values from the inception of their lives. They acquire the cultural traditions and values through myths, legends, and fairy tales. Its great to know about ones own culture, but people should also attempt to inform themselves about other cultures for the sake of knowledge or to better understand each other. India is a beautiful country that shares different beliefs from other countries, which are what makes it unique. It has its own values, traditions and these are evident in the epic poems, fairy tales and famous people. The epic poems contain history and the beliefs that were passed down orally from generation to generation or a written down. The Mahabharata is one of the two most epic poems that embodies the essence of the Indian cultural heritage. The epic poem is an absorbing tale of a feud between two branches of a single Indian ruling family that culminates in a vast, cataclysmic battle. The two branches include the five Pandavas, the sons of the deceased Kind Pandu and the 100 Dhartarashtras, the sons of blind King Dhartarashtra. In a game of dice, the Dhartarashtras win and according the bet, the Pandavas live in wilderness for twelve years. After the Pandavas, fulfill their part of the bargain, the Dhartarashtras resist to restore half of the Kingdom to Pandavas. This dispute engenders the eighteen day battle between the two rival parties. In the end, Pandavas, with the help of God Vishnu in the form of Krishna, come out to be the victorious, but the victory was not easy because of the loss of beloved ones including Pandavas five sons by their only wife, Draupadi. The idea that The Mahabharata portrays is that good vs. evil, right vs. wrong always leads to the ascendancy of good over evil and right over wrong. Ramayana is the other great Indian epic that takes place in India around 1000 B.C.E. Rama, the main character, is born to a King of Aydohya, Dasaratha and being the oldest of the four sons, he is to become the ruler of Aydohya, but his stepmother wants her own son to be crowned as the next king. Remembering the the king once promised her any two wishes she desires, she demands to send Rama in exile for fourteen years and crown her son Bharata. Despite the kings relenting conscious, he asks his son to leave the kingdom. Rama who lives by the rules of dharma, accepts the order blithely. Rama accompanied with his wife, Sita, and his brother, Lakshma, leaves the palace immediately. Upon finding out what had happened, Bharata goes after Rama and begs him to come back, but Rama refuses to disobey his fathers order. During his journey in the forest, Rama faces many obstacles. He loses Sita when she is abducted by Ravana, the king of demons. With the help of a monkey named Hanuman, Rama successfully conquers Ravan and rescues Sita. The fourteen years expire and they return back to the palace where they receive warm welcome and Rama takes the places as a ruler. During this time, Sita proves to Rama her purity, but despite that Rama remains dubious of her fidelity, which leads to Sitas tragic end and departure from the earth. Besides that Ramayana is a story of love and jealously, separation and return, the moral reflects the idea of of dharma which is a duty that each person should fulfill and it also emphasizes ascendancy of good over evil. Famous people contributed and helped develop the Indian history. Mahatma Ghandi, born on Oct. 2, 1869, was known as the Father of the Nation. Throughout his life, Gandhi jis main mission was to fight against injustice. He devoted his entire life to diminish the oppression of the Indians by the whites. In order to accomplish his goal, he launched three significant movements serving one purpose freedom from the British rule. The first one was the Non-Cooperation Movement, the objective of which was to acquire independence by boycotting foreign goods, British courts and schools and go back to the Indian attire and values. The second was the Civil Disobedience Movement launched on April 6, 1930. It began the Dandi March. In order to oppose the British Salt Law, Gandhi ji, along with his followers, marched to Dandi to make their own salt. The third one was the Quit India Movement of 1942 resulting in the Quit India resolution urging the British to leave India. After all these year of stru ggling, India finally achieved its independence on August 15, 1947. All the protests that Ghandi ji initiated have one thing in common, which is the usage of peaceful and non-violent methods. It tells people that killing and committing atrocities is not the only way to resolve problems. Another person, Guru Nanak influenced and created a new religion called Sikhism. Since Guru Nanaks goal was to unify the Hindus and Muslims, he combined the both religions and created Sikhism. He taught people many lessons through his actions. He preferred to eat with the poor than the rich because when he squeezed poor mans bread, it oozed milk while rich mans bread oozed blood. Through this action, he taught that people should make honest living. Once at Mecca, he slept with his feet pointing to the holy book. An angry man outraged by this disgracefulness, shifted his feet and in whichever direction his feet were shifted, the Holy book also shifted. In this manner, he taught that God is ubiquitous. Guru Nanak believed that honest life would lead to salvation and freedom from the cycle of birth and death. A lesson one should learn is that its better to be poor and live honest life than be rich who is living off of peoples blood. Fairy tales play a great role in helping a child to develop the sense of its cultural traditions and moral values. The story Pigeon and the Crow is about a greedy crow. The crow sees that Pigeon lives in a household where there are all sorts of different food. In order to obtain delicious, savory food, he tells the pigeon that he wants to live with the pigeon to learn his sophisticated ways of eating. The pigeon agrees and they both head off in the wild to eat. Obviously, the crow pretends to observe pigeons ways and eats mostly worms. The next day, the cook is preparing fish for the household members and the crow determined to get some of the fish refuses to go along with the pigeon to eat in the wild. Upon his response, the pigeon leaves without the crow. The crow sits in the kitchen waiting for a chance for the cook to leave and when he does, the crow greedily eats the fish. The cook comes back and catches the crow red handed. In anger, he plucks crows feathers and applies a mixtu re of ginger and butter-milk. The moral that could be extracted out of this story is that one should not be greedy to take other peoples property because that only leads to chaos. The epic poems, famous people and the fairly tales play a great role in developing ones cultural understanding of the moral values and traditions. These elements help make a country unique and help bring the essence of the heritage. It is very important to read to the kids, so they can possess some knowledge about their own culture. It is great to know about ones culture, but its more interesting to learn about other peoples culture also.

Women and Migration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Women and Migration - Essay Example Women migrants have less access to legal protection and social services and are victimized by abuses and harsh working conditions. Female migrants usually are forced to work as domestic and sex workers and are succumbed to torture and cruel treatments. Women who migrate from poor Asian countries are also faced with racism and bias from host countries. Women also are exposed to psychological and physical pressure when travelling to camps in different host countries. Sexual exploitation of women and trafficking is a part of the life of female migrants. Many a time female women who migrate to different countries are compelled to work in unhealthy working condition without safety and security. There are no guidelines to safeguard their human rights and security and some are subjected to violence and exploitation. Even in case of remuneration, women are paid very insignificantly when compared to men. Women are at a loss on migration if they are not employed in a reputed job. Women at many times have to stay away from husband and children in order to earn for their family and in long run, their relationship is negatively affected. They cannot care for their children in the right manner which can hamper the physical and mental development of the children. They have to face lack of health care, poor living conditions, low paying jobs in host countries which are a matter of great concern. Many women undergo depression and mental health issue due to the pressure they have from work surroundings. Gender discrimination is one aspect largely encountered by female migrants in host countries and they are mostly forced to do work s which is less skilled and paid for. Women migrants who work under challenging condition should be protected from abuses on the part of human right laws. Human rights standards should be more strong and consistent pertaining to women migrant workers and should protect them from all visible exploitations and abuses.  Ã‚  

Dead Mens Path by Chinua Achebe SUMMARY-RESPONSE (revise,fix for Essay

Dead Mens Path by Chinua Achebe SUMMARY-RESPONSE (revise,fix for resubmition) - Essay Example His wife Nancy decides to support him by turning the school yard into a beautiful garden. Mr. Obi and his wife Nancy put their whole lives into the work of creating a school with modern, high standards and Nancys dream garden. One evening as Mr. Obi was admiring his work, he sees a woman from the local village walk through the flower beds. Scandalized by seeing this woman walking by his school grounds, he asks a teacher for an explanation. The teacher informs him that for years, people from the near village have walked along this path that connects the village shrine with the burial place and the schoolyard. Mr. Obi sees this path as the same old-fashioned superstition that he wants to get rid of from his school. Also the Government Education Officer is coming soon to inspect the school and he wants to impress him with the transformation of the new modern school. This path is jeopardizing his chance to make this great impression, so he orders to build a fence to block the path.   When the village priest realizes that the path was closed he meets with Obi and politely explains how important the path is for the villagers and asks him to unblock the path. Michael refuses to reopen the path and makes fun of the villagers tradition. The villager priest doesnt say a word and leaves. A couple of days later a woman in the village dies in childbirth. Achebe writes the consequence of Mr. Obis decision and the reaction of the villagers, "A diviner was consulted immediately and prescribed heavy sacrifices to propitiate ancestors insulted by the fence".   Mr. Obi wakes up the next morning and sees the ruins of his work. He wakes up to see the schoolyard devastated, the flowers trampled to death, one of the school buildings pulled down and the beautiful hedges torn up not just near the path but right around the school, as the narrator reports, â€Å"The beautiful hedges were torn up not just near the path but right round the school, the flowers trampled

The Value of Strategy to Local Authorities in Kenya Essay Example for Free

The Value of Strategy to Local Authorities in Kenya Essay Central and provincial governments have progressively realized that effective service delivery to the community is best delegated to local government. This decentralization trend has obliged local governments to enhance their professionalism and performance. Yet, in many developing countries, the weakness of local governments is a key challenge in managing development processes. Many local government authorities in Kenya now go beyond one year budgeting and capital expenditure planning for longer-term results focused strategies. To achieve this focus they use robust strategic and operational planning processes. These strategic processes have had the benefit of allowing local authorities to have linkages to national planning, accommodate the need to respond to local priorities, and ensure accountability to their communities. Examination of some local government processes provides insights on results-based management in action at a local level and on how a results focus can transform performance. Strategic planning – as a framework for action – is one of the significant tools that has enabled local authorities in Kenya to cope with far-reaching responsibilities geared to promote development. Strategic planning requires the integration of professional knowledge and capacities, and the creation of organizational platforms. This enables local governments to promote the best practices and manage the development process through harnessing local resources, assets and opportunities to achieve strategic goals. In the mid 1980s, as an example, a model was successfully established in Israel to assist local authorities – the Municipal Strategic Planning Unit (MSPU). Kisumu was selected to implement the MSPU pilot project due to its development potential and given the fact that the promotion of the city is a priority of the Government of Kenya and significant development partners. Units based on this model were designed to lead and promote strategic planning processes, identify and create assets and opportunities for development, and improve the work of local authorities. This implementation was done with great success in Kisumu.

The Efforts to Regulate the Internet Essay -- Computers Web Technology

The Efforts to Regulate the Internet Abstract â€Å"Cyberspace is both the popular media's new darling and new demon, revealing a new, expansive intellectual horizon but simultaneously providing easy access to an infinite, virtual Pandora's box† [1]. This paper shall discuss the situations that have raised the need for the Internet regulations, and in particular, Internet content censorship. Then, it shall review the regulatory efforts worldwide, with respect to the local cultures and governmental systems. Also, technological tools for regulating the Internet contents shall be presented. The ethical discussion shall focus on the right to regulate the Internet content, in light of the implications this restriction may have on the individual and common good of the cyber community. Introduction The popularity of cyberspace is growing. As more people gain access to cyberspace, unpleasant elements are getting more media attention, and there is a growing population of supporters for regulation. Some of the concerns of regulation supporters are pornography, pedophilia, vulgar language, and cyber scams. Pro-regulationers hope that a structured form of monitoring and policing will prevent such occurrences online. The idea that policing is imminent in cyberspace is quickly becoming a part of the cyber culture. Though currently self regulation is the main mode of practice, counties are beginning to take steps, which will define what is and is not acceptable online content. [2] The following headlines related to a child pornography case in Britain is an example that can serve as a good argument for those who are pro-regulations [3]: - Launched after FBI passed credit card details of 7300 alleged British subscribers ... ...] North Park University, â€Å"Adam Smith writes The Wealth of Nations: 1776† http://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/WestEurope/AdamSmith.CP.html [14] Pontifical Council for Social Communications: Ethic in Internet, John P. Foley. http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/pccs/documents/rc_pc_pccs_doc_20020228_ethics-internet_en.html [15] â€Å"Case studies in Information and Computer Ethics†, Richard Spinello, Chapter 2 [16] Privacy Initiatives, Federal Trade Commission. http://www.ftc.gov/privacy/index.html [17] Positions Based on Ethical Principals and Values, Chris S. Show. http://www.students.stedwards.edu/~cshaw/Position%20Based%20on%20Ethical%20Principles%20and%20Values.htm [18] Pornography and Ethics, Free speech or Civil rights, Muhammad Hozien. http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/mih/ethics/e5.htm

Health Care Communication Methods Essay

Customer Service also known as communication, now days almost always involves several people, especially when it involves an elderly loved one. Having an elderly family member is a very sensitive topic believe it or not and although very common is still something that most still do not know how to deal with and do not quite understand. It is hard to have to face that fact that your Grandparents, parents, aunts, uncles, and sometimes siblings are faced with life threatening illnesses such as Alzheimer’s and Dementia and have forgotten who you are along with a host of other things. As an administrator of a Nursing Home you could be faced with many different situations and because patients in a nursing home are sometimes unable to understand or communicate on their own, it is important to have ways to get in contact with several different family members in the event of an emergency. Family members of these elderly patients still have lives of their own and may live in different states or countries even and then in the worst case, you have some patients in Nursing Homes who do not have family members at all. Most of the time there will be a social worker who is responsible for the wellbeing of these patients in this type of situation. There is an enormous misunderstanding of the role of communication services in healthcare. Nursing home administrators act as the patient’s liaison between staff and doctors, in the event that a Nursing Home receives notification that the organization is being purchased by a national group, and because of new policies to be implemented, many of the patients will be displaced, it is important to know the way to communicate with each individuals family members. Residents have rights and these rights being violated can cause serious issues with the law. Below is a short list of patients’ rights when concerning unfair transfer or discharge. Protection against Unfair Transfer or Discharge: You can’t be sent to another nursing home, or made to leave the nursing home, unless any of the  following are true: It is necessary for the welfare, health, or safety of you or others. Your health has declined to the point that the nursing home can’t meet your care needs. Your health has improved to the point that nursing home care is no longer necessary. The nursing home hasn’t been paid for services you received. The nursing home closes In this scenario it is important that you inform the residents that they are being displaced and that they need to approve the release of their medical information. The best way to do this, since it is concerning medical records, would be privately. HIPAA protects the privacy of individually identifiable health information and if violated you could face jail time and hefty fines so you should use the best communication method that fits the scenario. The best method of communication I thought would be best for this scenario was traditional and electronic communication because they both have some convenience to the residents. The right amount of information and the right information is needed to explain to family members and patients what is happening to this facility. Finding the right laws and rights is what needs to happen to make sure the company is not in violation of that patient. Finding the best way to communicate with each patient and their family is most important when it com es to getting the message across professionally without seeming to disregard their personal concerns. There are advantages and disadvantages of using social media, traditional, and electronic communication .Traditional, the oldest of the three some of the many advantages that tradition communication has is that you are person with the person you are communicating with, which is better because you are getting an immediate reply to whatever it is that you are trying to get. There’s a feeling of community because you’re better able to socialize and interact with one another. We quickly build a bond that sets the foundation for trust and ultimately, lasting business relationships. There are so many different issues that have to be considered when communicating with patients and their family members, in this scenario most likely there will need to be some convincing that this is best for the patient/ their loved ones. Displacing them does not have to be a â€Å"bad thing† it all depends on how it is presented to them and their reaction to the initial breaking of the news. It is important that the administrator has found a new facility that offers everything that the patients(s) will need to accommodate them completely. Communication is a part of the process to better the patient’s life and once the patient and/or their family is on board then you pretty much have â€Å"tackled the mountain†. â€Å"Forcing information on people when they are too distraught to understand it or accept it (over informing) may only heighten their stress. Philip Muskin(1998) calls this â€Å"truth dumping† and warns people against it. Health-related Information can be confusing and frightening.† It is best to not provide unnecessary information to the patients and family members, just enough for them to understand completely. (Communication About Health Pg. 196) Being and Administrator means being able to communicate effectively with your patients no matter their mental and health condition and being able to communicate with their family members too. It is important to not â€Å"over-do† anything when communicating because it could cause a reaction you don’t want to deal with. There are different ways of communicating messages and different tones and as an Administrator in this particular scenario it is important to know what tone of communication to use when letting the patients and their family members know what is going on. It is a good idea to know where the patient will be transferred to and to have a brochure and good information on where the patient is going so that maybe the family member and the patients will be comfortable about the big news. References: 1. Journal Article . (2014, Fall). People living with dementia: components of communication, (Pg.1). 2. . (2005). Communicating About Health Current Issues And Perspectives. Retrieved from, HCS/320 Health Care Communication Strategies website.