Supporting Big Bang Theory Essays - Physical Cosmology,

Supporting Big Bang Theory Science has hypothesized that the universe was created by a big bang. By researching stars and fossil records scientists have claimed that the earth is much older than it is said to be in the creation theory. The creation theory says that the universe is only several thousand years old, but carbon dating has shown that fossils on earth are millions of years old thus disproving part of the creation theory with evidence. There is another reason scientists think that the creation theory is wrong. If the universe was a small ball of matter then outside of this small ball of matter was void. The creation theory says that the universe was created by a supreme being, but there is nowhere that this being could have come from. Other dimensions can only exist inside the universe. If there had been no universe then there is no where that this supreme being could have come from. Science Essays

Tampa Bay Seawater Desalination Plant

Tampa Bay Seawater Desalination Plant Free Online Research Papers Desalination is the process of removing salt from water making it suitable for drinking. Distillation, electro dialysis, freezing and reverse osmosis are all methods of desalination. (â€Å"Water, desalination of, 2006) In the distillation method, saltwater is heated and the water evaporates leaving the salt behind. Due to fuel cost of turning water into vapor other distillation methods were developed. The multi-stage flash distillation method is conducted by either applying a vacuum to reduce the boiling temperature or exposing a thin film of water to high heat causing flash evaporation. Plants using this method account for 85% of all desalinated water in the world. (â€Å"Multi-stage flash distillation†, 2010) In electro dialysis salt is dissolved in water splitting up the salt into ions. The ions are then filtered by membranes and allow desalinated water to be tapped. This process uses a great amount of energy and is impractical. The most promising approach is the reverse osmosis process, which applies pressure to saltwater to force it through a special membrane that only allows pure water to pass. The reverse osmosis process is being put to use in North America’s largest desalination plant. The Tampa Bay Seawater Desalination Plant began construction in 2001 to help meet the long-term water needs of the west-central region of Florida. This region has often suffered from long periods of drought and dwindling groundwater resources. (Fravel,) The region is also trying to meet the increase need due to a growing population in the region. The desalination process in place at the Tampa Bay Desalination Plant includes a pretreatment of the water to be desalinized, the actual reverse osmosis process of desalinization and a post-treatment stage. In the pretreatment stage, water from the cooling tanks at the neighboring Big Bend power station is diverted into the intake. It is then treated with ferric chloride and sent through a single-stage sand filter to filter out particles and sediment that could clog the reverse osmosis membranes. It is then sent through diatomaceous earth filters and five-micron cartridge filters. After the pretreatment stage the water is now ready for the reverse osmosis stage. In the reverse osmosis stage high-pressure pumps force the water through 9,408 semi permeable reverse osmosis membranes. The membranes make up seven independent trains that leave behind a concentrated salt solution. The membranes have a spiral design allowing a large surface area in a compact design. Each membrane has 380 square feet of active area and is made up of 3 layers. The ultra thin polyamide barrier allows a high water flux. The microporous polysulfone interlayer is the substrate for the salt barrier layer. (Fravel, 2008) The polyester support web provides the structural support to help the membrane withstand high pressure. These membranes have a flow rate of 6,000 GPD (gallons per day) and remove 99.7% of salt and other particles from the water. The trains are set up on both ends of the pressure vessel; three on the front and five on the back, known as the split permeate design. In the post-treatment stage chemicals, sodium hypochlorite and calcium hydroxide are added to the water. Sodium hypochlorite is added to chlorinate the water and calcium hydroxide is added to harden the water. Both chemicals aid in stabilizing the water. The concentrated salt solution that was extracted from the water is added to the 1.4 billion gallons of cooling water at the neighboring power plant. The Tampa Bay Desalination Plant has had to overcome several issues to remain in production. The high-energy cost of desalinating water is one that prevents desalination from being a leading provider of drinking water. The Tampa Bay Plant was designed to minimize energy use. The plant was purposely built next to Tampa Electrics Big Bend Power Station. This strategic location alleviates the cost of pumping water from the ocean and the relatively warm water increases water flux. The power station gets the water from the bay, which has lower salinity properties that require less pressure to desalinate. Another way the plant minimizes energy costs was by equipping the reverse osmosis feed pumps with energy recover units. The use of the split-permeated design maximizes the pressure and results in water having to be sent through the membranes a second time a rare occurrence. Other issues that the plant has had to overcome include: equipment failure or inefficiencies leading to economic issues, environmental issues and political issues. In April 2003, just after the opening of the plant, a ruptured pipe forced the plant to shut down and in March of 2009 a leaking intake pipe caused the plant to shut down for 24 hours and lowered the rate of production to less than 19 mgd for a week. A test to determine the amount of water to be produced led to the discovery that cartridge filters seemed to be going bad quickly and at $10 per unit could quickly become costly, resulting in the plant changing membranes to Filmtec SW30HR-380 membranes. The disposal of 19 million gallons of concentrated salt solution a day posed an environmental issue for the plant but due to the strategic placement the solution was easily mixed with the 1.4 billion gallons of water in the cooling tanks of the power plant, minimizing the environmental effects. Political issues slowed the o pening of the plant. Before the opening of the plant it’s developer, Covanta Tampa Construction, filed for bankruptcy protection. Covanta filed for bankruptcy protection due to Tampa Bay Water indicating their desire to have an outside firm take over resolution of problems that Covanta had failed to resolve in the agreed upon time frame. Tampa Bay Water says that Covanta’s motion for bankruptcy protection was a, â€Å"betrayal of the public trust that simply delays fixing and operating the plant.† (Landers, 2004) Despite the set backs of the Tampa Bay Desalination Plant, the plant currently produces 25 million gallons of drinkable water per day, approximately 10% of the Tampa Bay regions drinking water. The plant has produced more than 18 billion gallons of water in two years. General manager of Tampa Bay Water said that, â€Å"the facility provides an important, drought-proof component to the region’s water supply system and is a true example of a successful public-private partnership.† (â€Å"Tampa Bay Milestones, 2010) The systems energy efficient features have attracted visitors from around the world and will likely be replicated in other parts of the nation very soon. (Fravel, 2008) References Fravel, H. (2008). Desalination System Helps Tampa Bay Drought Proof Water Supply. WaterWorld, 24(12), 8. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier database. Landers, J. (2004). Tampa Bay Desalination Dispute Goes to Court. Civil Engineering (08857024), 74(2), 26. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier database. Multi-stage flash distillation. (2010, September 27). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 00:19, October 27, 2010, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multi-stage_flash_distillationoldid=387341213 Pittman, C. (2009, March 17). More problems for tampa bay water desalination plant. St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved October 20, 2010, from tampabay.com/news/environment/water/article984409.ece. (2010). Tampa Bay Desalination Plant Achieves Performance Milestones. Underground Construction, 65(4), 7. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier database. Water, desalination of. (2006). In The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. Retrieved from . Research Papers on Tampa Bay Seawater Desalination PlantThe Hockey GameThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Spring and AutumnAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementWhere Wild and West MeetHip-Hop is ArtMind TravelIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalOpen Architechture a white paper

Master of Biology Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Master of Biology - Personal Statement Example After that, I passed Associate Degree in Pharmacy in 1999 from Intermediate Science College, Hofaf, KSA. In September 2009, I successfully completed IPPE hours and observed patient care and other activities of the pharmacy personnel. Then I successfully completed Rite Aid Findlay, OH in summer 2009 where I successfully completed IPPE hours and assisted pharmacist in patient care and pharmacy. The most recent education of mine is Bachelor of Science in Biology from Ohio Northern University, OH. I have a work experience of about 12 years from 1994 to 2006 at Ministry of Health, Hulaf City, KSA. During my work experience, I worked as an assistant pharmacist and worked in dispensing and shelving medicine. I provided my services to Community Development Programs. I checked food items for their expiry dates at Ada Food Pentary, Ada OH in 2008. The food items were to be dispensed to people. In the same year, I worked for Habitat for Humanity, Findlay OH where I was assigned to provide food for the people who were building homes for the homeless people. About the same year, I worked for Findlay Hancock Country Public Library, Findlay, OH. There I worked as volunteer and cleaned and labeled shelves of library. In the same year of 2008, I helped Hancock Christian Clearing House, Findlay, OH by cleaning the spaghetti tables and fund raising activity. Lastly, I served the community by Chapin Hall Food Pantry, Findlay, OH in 2008. There I delivered food to clients and helped clean up. All of these Community development programs have provided me a vast knowledge. I learnt a lot about cleanliness and food items. During my educational period, I have studied related courses to Masters in Biology, which will help me in achieving my further education. The courses contained the study of Anatomy, Histology, Immunology, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical, Physiology 1, Physiology 2, Physiology 3, Organic Chemistry, Med Microbiology, Bio Science 1 and Bio Science 2.

Wegmans culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Wegmans culture - Essay Example As culture determines the way of life existent within in a society, it also serves to determine the methods under which daily operations are carried out in any given company around the world, no matter how big or small they may be. In order to illustrate this important principle, this paper will take a look at the Wegmans corporation. The companies mission, values, and corporate culture will be analyzed and explained. Wegmans dates way back to 1916, when John Wegman opened the Fruit and Vegetable company in Rochester, New York. With his brother joining him a year later, this was truly a family oriented business that has withstood the test of time. The company has a long and proud history trough the Northeastern United States, as stores have been opened throughout New York State, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey, among others. Entering into the 21st Century, Wegmans had risen to the level of being recognized as one of the top 100 best companies to work for in the United States, demonstrating their commitment to treeing all employees like members of the family (Wegmans 2013). Most notably, Wegmans is noted to be a regional supermarket chain in the United States, and has become one of the largest private companies in all of America. From its inception, the management of the corporation has focused on creating a supermarket that is known to provide an enhanced shopping experience when compared to competitors. They do this by striving to provide better quality good, with an abundance of different choices for the consumer, and by making available truly restaurant quality prepared food that shoppers can take home to their families. In addition, all stores are kept beautiful and modern, employees receive tremendous training in corporate culture in order to provide ready and knowledgeable assistance to all shoppers that come through the doors. While prices have

See description Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

See description - Essay Example While offshore drilling is not the complete answer to our energy problems there are a few advantages and benefits that we will reap if this is pursued. On the other hand, careful examination of the possible consequences should be done to determine if the disadvantages outweigh the advantages. . One of the largest benefits of offshore drilling for oil and gas is the financial gains it would bring to the country. This type of production would result in the creation of hundreds of jobs which are well needed to lower the unemployment rate which has grown significantly since the economic recession. According to the American Energy Alliance (2009) offshore drilling would bring three phrases of development that would contribute significantly to the nation’s economy. The organization stated that industries would grow from the initial exploration and development of offshore facilities; the extraction of oil and gas resources; and refining crude oil into finished petroleum products. The report from the organization also predicted $2.2 trillion in total tax receipts; 1.2 million jobs annually across the country and $70 billion in additional wages each year. The United States currently imports two billion barrels of oil annually. The Energy department has announced that this year it is expected to import 2.7 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. A sustained flow of oil from a domestic source of energy would create sustained financial flow to the national treasury thus allowing the government to focus on many areas left unattended due to lack of proper funding. Another advantage of offshore drilling comes in the way of increased political power and authority. The dependence of the United States on oil and gas imports has lessened the power it has in influencing the price of oil. This power lies in the hands of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) that have the power of manipulating oil production which can negatively

Police And The Use Of Force Shakoya

Police And The Use Of Force Shakoya There have been several issues concerning the policies that underline the use of force within the field of law enforcement. Favorable opinions, negative objections, and indecisive feelings about the use of force have varied throughout the public as well as within the criminal justice system when it comes to this policy. For a number of years, it has been extremely difficult in determining the proper definition of what is considered to be the use of force or the proper use of force, especially in regards to law enforcement. Ironically, there have been dozens of studies on police and the use of force and research concluded that there is no single accepted definition. Must police use force? Not only should the answer to this question include the circumstances surrounding the situation but it should also include the amount of force able to be used in each unique situation. This question will especially benefit a police officer when determining the amount of force that should be exerted on criminal suspects. Overall, in order for one to fully understand the various definitions of use of force, one must be able to appreciate the background, causes, and ways to reduce the use of force. The basic problem is the lack of routine, national systems for collecting data on incidents in which police use force during the normal course of duty and on the extent of excessive force. Literature Review The term, use of force, describes a right of an individual or authority to settle conflicts or prevent certain actions by applying measures to either: dissuade another party from a particular course of action, or physically intervene to stop them (Burke, 2005). The authority of the police to use force represents one of the most misunderstood powers granted to representatives of government. Use of force from a law enforcement perspective is using any means necessary to bring a volatile situation to a more manageable and/or resolved state. Adler (2007) found as leading police historians have demonstrated, early law enforcers worked in a hostile environment. Established during an era of soaring violence, when riots were commonplace and when social divisions cleaved cities into competing neighborhoods, American policemen, in Chicago and elsewhere, faced a daunting task. They were expected to maintain order, yet they lacked legitimacy and remained shackled to a partisan, often corrupt, institutional structure in which they were encouraged to use their influence and muscle for overtly political tasks, such as safeguarding their patrons and quelling labor unrest. All the while, American law enforcers battled to command respect and to control the streets. Types of Force The officer has a range of force options from which to choose. For instance, police officers are authorized to use both psychological and physical force to apprehend criminals and solve crimes. Sometimes, the mere presence of the police officer is enough control. At other times, verbal commands are needed. The compliance hold (physical force) is the next stage of control, followed by the use of non-lethal weapons such as the baton or chemical spray. Lastly, a police officer may resort to the use of deadly force, which by all means should try to be avoided unless deemed necessary (Douthit, 1975). It is widely regarded that the police in any given society have a difficult job to fulfill. Dealing with criminals and placing themselves in harms way on a day to day basis is definitely an admirable calling. Although seen as difficult, there is an underlying sentiment in the general public that the job of law enforcement officers is relatively straightforward. Police are faced with tough moral decisions daily. They are to decide when and how to act when presented with violations of the law. They are given the use of force as a means of crime prevention but often times the very usage of this force is questioned and sometimes, deemed unnecessary or excessive (Engel,1997). When the use of force exceeds that which is necessary to accomplish their lawful purpose, or when their purpose is not lawful apprehension or self-defense but, rather personal retaliation, it is defined as excessive use of force and is unethical and illegal (Pollock, 2010). The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) in Data Collection on Police Use of Force, states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the legal test of excessive forceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is whether the police officer reasonably believed that such force was necessary to accomplish a legitimate police purposeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ However, there are no universally accepted definitions of reasonable and necessary because the terms are subjective. A court in one jurisdiction may define reasonable or necessary differently than a court in a second jurisdiction. More to the point is an understanding of the improper use of force, which can be divided into two categories: unnecessary and excessive. The unnecessary use of force would be the application of force where there is no justification for its use, while an excessive use of force would be the application of more force than required where use of force is necessary (U.S. Dept of Justice, 2008). An excessive amount of force can range from a severe man handling during arrest that seems or is unnecessary to excessive use of non-lethal force. The use of non-lethal force can sometimes be considered excessive, when the uses of chemical spray, bean bag guns, or tasers, are over used to resolve a problem (McDonald,2003). However, since they are non-lethal they can be seen as reasonable use of force. Therefore, the amount of force a policeman uses does not solely depend on himself but his or her discretion. Adams (1995), states that defining excessive force in order to understand and control is not a simple matter. Every situation that possibly involves the use of force is unique. Situations may be similar or seem to mirror one another but no situation is the same. By situations varying from the differences in people, regions, beliefs, and backgrounds to tailor a particular definition, or create certain guidelines for the use of force is difficult. The dilemma, according to Rahtz (2 003), is the lack of a clear agreement on what constitutes legitimate use of force. The public, as well as the police, understand that in some situations, force is not only necessary and unavoidable, but is required, if serious injury, death or destruction of property is to be avoided (Buker,2007). However, police officers must learn to use force lawfully. You cannot use lethal force at will or use force when it is not permissible. The idea and ability of managing force by police officers is directly related to establishing responsibility and accountability to encourage the use of reasonable force (Ng, 2009). Some people believe police should not have the power to use force, no matter what the situation. They believe everything can be solved along peaceful terms in which no one can be injured or killed (Ng, 2009). Police are allowed to use force during the course of their daily activities. Force can be used to make arrests, maintain order, or keep the peace. The important thing is that the police officer is able to gain control of the situation. How the officer gains control is left up to his or her judgment: In other words, an officer most often attempts to take control of a confrontation by defining the situation (Alpert, Smith, 1994). Causes A major cause of overuse of force, possibly leading to police brutality is the belief that police officers are soldiers in a war on crime. The war mentality says it is okay to do certain things that would not be allowed under normal conditions. Police adopt this mentality because of citizens, whose fear of crime has reached an all-time high, and because of politicians, who publicize the notion that tough cops prevent crime (Albert, Smith, 1994). Harmon (2008), indicates Haduring an arrest, an officer might give verbal commands to a suspect to stop, to keep his hands visible, to turn around and place his hands against the wall, to submit to a pat-down, to put his hands behind his back for handcuffing, to come along to the car, to get in, to get booked at the station. Most suspects are compliant and require no more than a guiding arm, but those who refuse or resist, and occasionally those who do not, may provoke a forcible response. Subjects of police uses of force often respond with a llegations of law enforcement brutality. Sometimes these allegations are baseless, a product of misunderstanding what might justify lawful force or of false accusation (Matthew, 2006). Other times they represent a just demand for recognition and redress for damaged bodies and spirits. Clearly, when the law confronts claims under these statutes that an officer used too much force during an arrest, the central question for federal liability is what constitutes constitutionally excessive force under the Eighth Amendment; the Eighth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution enforce cruel and unusual punishment (Matthew, 2006). In our society, police are in a very precarious situation when it comes to the amount of force they can apply when dealing with a civilian suspect. Whether it be physical force, persuasion, or coercion; they must use discretion when deciding what course of action best suits the situation (Douthit, 1975). Discretion is the authority to make decisions without reference to specific rules or facts, using instead ones own judgment; allows for individualization and informality in the administration of justice (Buker, 2005). This gives the police leeway as to when force is necessary and when it is not, within certain guidelines. For instance, a policeman cannot beat up a man for robbing a store. But, if the robber battered someone in the process of the robbery the policeman could. He could do this because there was a clear threat of danger to himself or to another officer or human being. Police must take the precise course of action to fit the time, because if they are too lenient or to for ceful, even when dealing with the pettiest things, they can be chastised by superiors and the public. The force the police use should not exceed the threat of force that could be applied on them by someone else. As one can see in the many case histories the excessive use of force is very rarely punished on legal terms (Matthew, 2006). The police nearly always get exonerated from the charged placed on them, even though substantial evidence may be in the prosecutions favor. Why is this? Being that the police enforce the law, they become analogous with the law (Adams, 1995). When officers are placed in situations where excessive force can be used, they use this knowledge of past precedent to get away with their excessive aggression. The 1991 beating of California motorist Rodney King will have an impact on law enforcement for years to come. The videotape of the horrifying beating, broadcast nationwide, resulted in public outrage over police brutality. The broadcasting showed three Los Angeles police officers beating with metal batons, kicking and stomping on a seemingly defenseless African American male as their supervisor watched (Gray, 2006). Regardless of the videotape, a jury in Simi Valley concluded that the evidence was not adequate to convict these officers. Everyone seemed to believe that the police used excessive force in arresting King. This case caused a special commission to investigate whether brutality was widespread within the police department. Police departments across the country likewise reviewed their own policies on excessive force. Despite these efforts, citizen complaints about police brutality have increased since the Rodney King beating. Where an officers initial use of force is provoked and lawful, the line between a legal arrest and an unlawful deprivation of civil rights within the aggravated assault guidelines is relatively thin. The line between reasonable force and a criminal excessive force beating is thin indeed. There is no middle ground, no buffer zone. Its either reasonable or criminal. One extra baton strike, shove or control holds can make the difference between an officer doing his job and being sent to prison (Johnson, 2007). Ways to Reduce Use of Force In order to reduce the improper and excessive use of force, the law must be enforced in its totality. Police must not be able to get away with the use of excessive force on undeserving offenders. Police who commit this crime should be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law. They should be made as examples, so this crime does not happen in the future (Alpert, Smith, 1994). It is not a question of should or whether, but when and how much. Guidelines define when deadly force should be used: The use of such force is prescribed by state and federal statutes. In an effort to curb the discretionary power used by police, there is a set of written procedures (Burns, Crawford, 1998). Providing a framework for police to follow is one method employed to try and counteract individual decision making by trying to prevent officers from deviating from procedure. Another method used to control police more thoroughly is the creation of watchdog units within the department. Often times, this comes in the form of an internal affairs office. This is a department within a police department which is strictly in existence to ensure that police are acting responsibly and also to investigate any allegations against officers that may arise. The Continuum Scale is believed to be one of the most efficient sources used to ensure the appropriate amount of force is used. A use of force continuum is a standard that provides law enforcement officials security guards with guidelines as to how much force may be used against a resisting subject in a given situation. In certain ways it is similar to the military rules of engagement. It was designed as a general guide to using force in a confrontation or arrest situation and to make sure police officers use the appropriate level of force necessary in the performance of their duties (Burns, Crawford, 2009). The scale will assist officers in applying the law and departmental policy in use of force situations, documenting the use of force, and presenting testimony in a court proceeding. The purpose of these models is to clarify, both for officers and citizens, the complex subject of use of force by law officers. Implementation With pertinent criticisms of the use of force by law enforcement, there has been a development of a Police Training Model to assist with attempting to reduce the use of force by police officers. For instance, as of 1999, the COPS Office provided funding to PERF and the Reno (Nevada) Police Department to develop an alternative national model for training new officers that would incorporate community policing and problem-based learning techniques. The resulting Police Training Officer (PTO) Program addresses the traditional duties of policing in the context of specific neighborhood problems and includes several segments on the use of force. The PTO Program is an alternative to the 30-year-old San Jose Field Training Officer (FTO) Program. Many agencies are using the outlines of the PTO Program to develop their own in-house programs adapted to their particular needs (US. Dept of Justice, 2008). Methodology The literature is in general agreement that police are in a very precarious situation when it comes to the amount of force they can apply when dealing with a civilian suspect. There is no clear definition of use of force because the terms are subjective. The methodology used in this research was a qualitative approach. Many early studies utilized official report statistics to measure the outcome of the variables use of force and excessive use of force. Contacts between Police and the Public, a 1999 BJS report, estimated that less than half of 1 percent of an estimated 44 million people who had face-to-face contact with a police officer were threatened with or actually experienced force. Other studies report similar statistics. It is these few situations, however, that attract public attention. Robert K. Olsen, former Minneapolis Police Chief and Past President, Police Executive Research Forum (PERF), early in 2004 called the use of force the single most volatile issue facing police departments. He noted that just one use of force incident can dramatically alter the stability of a police department and its relationship with a community (U. S. Dept of Justice, 2008). Also, according to International Association of Chiefs of Police (2001), one of the most publicly debated aspects of police use of excessive force during the last year, is the racial characteristic of participants in use of force encounters. There were 8,148 reported incidents of police use of force in which the contributors (police departments) included racial descriptions for officers and suspects. Of this total, 39% involved white officers using force on white subjects, 44% involved white officers using force on African American subjects, 7% involved African American officers using force on African American subjects and 3.4% involved African American officers using force on white subjects. Overall, police department policies can have a significant impact on how force is used in street-level encounters, says a 2003 study by the Community Relations Services of the U.S. Department of Justice, Principles of Good Policing: Avoiding Violence Between Police and Citizens. The BJS Data Collection statistics reported, stresses the need for police executives to improve training of recruits and police officers on the use of force and the techniques for minimizing its application. It also so stresses the need to reduce the negative perception of police officers and the use of force within the publics opinion (U.S. Dept of Justice, 2008). Limitations Several key points could have been operationalized differently. For instance, every day, law enforcement officers face danger while carrying out their responsibilities. When dealing with a dangerous or unpredictable situation, police officers usually have very little time to assess it and determine the proper response. It is evident that the proper training as well as other guidelines can enable the officer to react properly to the threat or possible threat and respond with the appropriate tactics to address the situation, possibly including some level of force, if necessary, given the circumstances (U.S. Dept of Justice, 2008). The need for improved data collection systems can also be justified by considering the legal liabilities that law enforcement agencies have with their use of force, from both lethal and less-than-lethal weapons. The research conducted over the last 30 years on police use of force consistently calls for improved data collection at the local and national level. Conclusion In short, the purpose of this study was to determine the meaning of use of force, who can use force when and how much. The term of use of force describes a right of an individual or authority to settle conflicts or prevent certain actions by applying measures to either: dissuade another party from a particular course of action, or physically intervene to stop them (Buker, 2005). A major cause for police use of force is the belief that police officers are solders in a war on crime. The continuum scale is one of the most effective sources use to ensure the appropriate amount of force is being used. All in all, one may view the use of force as a glass half empty, and some view the glass half full, which simply states it all depends on how you look at the situation. Works Cited Adams, K. (1995). Measuring the prevalence of police abuse of force. In W.A. Geller and H. Toch (Eds.), And Justice for All: Understanding and Controlling Police Abuse of Force. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Adler, J. (2007). Shoot to Kill: The Use of Deadly Force by the Chicago Police, 1875-1920. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 38(2), 233-254. Retrieved August 26, 2009, from Academic Search Complete database. Alpert, S. (1994). How Reasonable is the Resonable Man. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology . Buker, H. (2005). Understanding Police Use of Force / Understanding Police Use of Force: Officers, Suspects and Reciprocity / Into the Killing Zone: A Cops Eye View of Deadly Force. International Journal of Police Science Management, 7(3), 208-217. Retrieved August 24, 2009, from Academic Search Complete database Douthit, N. (2003). Enforcement and non-enforcement roles in policing. Journal of Police Science and Administratin , 339. Engel, R. (2008). Revisiting Critical Issues in Police Use of Force. Criminology and Public Policy , 557-561. Gray, M. (2006, October). The L.A. Riots:15 years after Rodney King. Time . International Association of Chiefs of Police. (2001). Police Use Of Force In America. Retrieved July 6, 2005, from www.theiacp.org/documents/pdts/publication/Pol. Matthew, A. (2006). Understanding Police Use of Force:Officers Suspects and Reciprocity. Comteporary Sociology , 69-71. McDonald, J. (2003). Police Use of Force: Examining the Relationship between Calls for Service and the Balance of Police Force and Suspect Resistance. Journal of Criminal Justice , 119-127. Ng, N. (2009). Rules for the Use of Force. International Peace Operations , 39-42. Rahtz, H. (2003) Understanding Police Use of Force. Criminal Justice Press: New York

causes world war 1 :: essays research papers

It can be said that the First world war was caused by the alliance system, which has a very weak argument, the alliance system had very little to do with the first world war, it did to some extent cause the size of the war, but its argument in my opinion is very weak. Many other causes lean towards the side against the alliance system causing the first world war, which I believe is credible. The alliance system did cause the size of the war as it caused countries to be pulled in. First made in the Franco- Prussian war. Alliances held countries to some sort of standard and normally required something of each participant. The triple alliance signed by Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy bound each country to give military support in a case of war or â€Å"if any one member of the alliance was at war with any two great powers other members would come to aid†. When the entente was made it did not intend for reciprocal arrangements for support, though it did allow wide variety of arrangements negotiations to take place, one negotiation would have been of support in war. But by 1911 A.J.P Taylor said â€Å"the entente was in the process of disintegration.† and was not seen as strong, because of the triple alliance Germany came to Austria’s aid willingly, which plunged Germany into war. When Germany declared war on France and Russia, Austria- Hungary was pulled into that battle to fulfill their part of the alliance. This had four major powers fighting. Alliances pulled countries into war because if they were not followed a threat of retaliation would be expected. On the other hand. Other causes include Nationalists wanting freedom, causing the Slavs to ultimately assassinate the duke and causing hate towards to Austrian empire. Nationalism was also a major cause of war, it caused problems especially in Austria- Hungary and France. This same nationalism had brought Germany together a one country and who took Alsace- Lorraine from the French in 1870- 1871 in the Franco- Prussian war, and in recent times the Moroccan crisis which left the French with hatred as an attitude towards the Germans, the thought of revenge was also one that was favored by the French nationalists. While this unrest was happening in France, nationalism was also causing problems in the areas of Austria- Hungary, over here the nationalists were slavists

Bias, A CBS Insider Exposes How The Media Distort The News

Bernard Goldberg, author of â€Å"Bias, A CBS Insider Exposes How The Media Distort The News† demonstrates in this book how the media are bias in their news reporting. He suggests that they slant their coverage of the news while they tell you that they are presenting all the facts that are involved in the news reports. The author takes a deep view into news reporting, in which he is a part of, in order to offer the public a better understanding of what exactly takes place with important stories in which the media covers, and how they offer an opinion that strongly reflects their own personal views on the topic.In 1996, Bernard Goldberg came clean with his opinion about the bias that he recognizes with the media. As a CBS news reporter, Goldberg discussed, before a public audience, the liberal bias in the media. It was clear that his associates weren’t happy about him mentioning his personal view on the topic and he quickly was treated differently because of his open ann ouncement. This book shows how one person can cause so much chaos in the news business by mentioning subjects that many who are also in the same business, would rather keep private.(Irvine, 2002) Reed Irvine, a media monitor tells us that â€Å"Goldberg was not fired but his career did not prosper. † This statement shows how by giving the truth facts can greatly make or break your career. We learn how Goldberg was treated differently after he made this claim by most people that he had been associating with in the industry. He mentions that some of his closest friends and colleagues turned on him in a negative way, after his admission, including a famous CBS news reporter, Dan Rather. Goldberg offers us a look inside the media and how the industry operates.For many people who have often wondered what goes on behind closed doors, with the media, they can gain valuable information from this book and be able to recognize hints and clues about stories that they are viewing and det ermine if they are getting all the facts about the story or if possibly and most likely, they are getting a bias opinion from the news reporter. Exposing colleagues was a feat that Goldberg took extremely seriously. He had to determine if his words would help society or harm them in any way.His clear decision to blow the whistle on the industry was a sacrifice in which Bernard Goldberg offered his listening public, so they could better make decisions, after hearing these reports from the media, and then make educated decisions about the stories that were being covered and then decide if what they were hearing was accurate stories or if they were simply reports that were altered or swayed in a direction that misled the public. In this book Goldberg shows that everyone does have a right to their own opinion and should be able to speak about subjects in a truthful manner.He displays honesty throughout the book and how telling the truth should be a must for the media, when delivering st ories that have huge impacts on the listening audience. For individuals to make a quick judgment after they listen to the news, should never happen because they must first decide if the information they are receiving is based on facts. Goldberg feels that the public has a right to know what is going on in our world, whether it is something that we need to know or whether high ranked officials feels that we should be kept in the dark.Regardless, Goldberg offers that the public does have a right to hear the truth and that the media needs to fess up and demonstrate only the facts while they report news event and stories. In exposing the media, Goldberg has ultimately placed his reputation and career on the line for the benefit of the general public when he discusses what the media is capable of. He clearly tells us how bias all network newscasts are, from his view point which drastically changes the way we interpret the news that we hear.This book offers both simple humor and seriousne ss on the author’s behalf and he remarkably describes his personal outlook and perception of the media, which offers a huge gift to the public of knowing what exactly goes on with the bias reports that we are given in our news reports, each day. The mainstream press takes on a whole new description and by reading this book, you will be greatly aware of the problems that are associated with the media and what they are and are not allowed to say to the public.The media often desires for the listening audiences to view a story in a very similar manner that they do, themselves. By offering parts and pieces of stories that reflect their own interpretations, and adding their own input on the situation being reported on, the audience hears exactly what is intended for them to hear, we learn from Goldberg. This guided opinion that is adopted by the public is not necessarily and very rarely the complete facts about the story.Rhetoric speaking leads the listeners in a certain direction and Goldberg expresses his dissatisfaction about this occurrence with the media. We can easily sense the courage of Goldberg, as we read about the events that made him such a criticized individual because of his clear views about the media. The author doesn’t really seem as angry as most people probably would, when placed in a similar situation. He only seems to offer his words of honesty, displaying his true caring intentions for the his audience of public listeners.When he talks about being shut out or treated with disrespect by members of the media, I feel that he was hurt but he didn’t allow this hurt to push him under. This hurt only encouraged him to be stand strong in what he believed in and he had to make a decision to continue to be honest with the public or to sit back and be rejected by the media. He obviously chose to persist with his views about what was taking place with the media, and in writing this book, he demonstrates his strong will and dedication to those who deserve to know the complete truth.

How to Study Vocabulary for the New 2016 SAT

How to Study Vocabulary for the New 2016 SAT SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you planning to take the SAT? Wondering how to handle the vocabulary questions? We will explain how the new SAT tests vocabulary and what that means for your study plans. Read on for an exclusive guide to new SAT vocabulary! What’s Vocabulary Like on the New SAT? As you may know, the SAT changedin 2016. The goal of the redesign is to make the SAT more modern and relevant for high school students. (Read more about the new SAT with our ultimateguide.) As part of the effort to make the SAT more modern, the Reading section no longer has sentence completionquestions. The sentence completion questions tested tough vocab words based on just one sentence of context and required obscure vocabulary knowledge. Since the new SAT is getting rid of this question type entirely, there is no longer the need to memorize hundreds of obscure vocabulary words.That's great news! Furthermore, there are far fewer vocabulary questions in general, and they are all given in the context of longer passages. The vocabulary words tested are â€Å"neither highly obscure nor only relevant to one domain,† according to the Specifications for the New SAT released by College Board. So what kinds of words is the new SAT testing? Multiple meaning words like â€Å"intense† will be tested, as opposed to super rare words like â€Å"exculpate† or â€Å"obsequious.† Below is an example of a vocab question from SAT Reading. As you can see from this example, memorizing the definition of the word "favor" wouldn't help you with this question, since any of the definitions could work for the word "favor" in different contexts. But by looking at the sentence, "The Millennialswho reached adulthood around the turn of the century and now outnumber baby boomers, tend to favor cities over suburbs, and are far more willing than their parents to ride buses and subways," you can see that only choice B, "prefer," makes sense in context. Below is a vocab question from SAT Writing. For this question, you're being asked if you should make a change to the word "swear" in the sentence "These models have expanded researchers' knowledge of ancient species and swear to advance the field of paleontology in the years to come." The correct answer is D, but you wouldn't know this just by memorizing the definition of the words in the answer choices. Like the Reading question, you need to understand the context the word is being used in to choose the correct answer.In other words, context clues will be much more important than inherently knowing the meaning of a word. Furthermore, vocabulary questions won't be a huge part of the new SAT. The new SAT will have about ten â€Å"word in context† questions for Reading (out of 52) and about eight word in context questions for Writing and Language (out of 44). This comes out to roughly 20% of questions in each section. In short, vocabulary is now a pretty minor part of the SAT, and rare vocabulary won't even be tested. So How Do You Study? Even though vocabulary is now just 20% of the Reading and Writing sections, that doesn’t mean that you should stop studying it completely. Having a strong knowledge of medium-difficulty, multi-meaning words will be crucial to doing well on the new SAT. But it no longer makes sense to spend hours and hours memorizing words. Forget about those â€Å"2000 SAT word† lists – there are simply too few vocabulary questions on the new SAT to justify spending that kind of time. Furthermore, it is important to be able to define words in context but not important to know obscure words. We will focus on two strategies: which words to learn and how to practice understanding words in context. Which Words Should You Learn? So now that the SAT has changed, how do you know which words you should be studying? Start with our PrepScholar SAT Vocab list, which teaches 262 words you should definitely know for the SAT. If you want more vocab lists after that, check out our guide to the best SAT vocabulary resources.Theselists will give you a strong foundation of words likely to appear on the new SAT, and we also give you tips on how to study them. How to Learn Words in Context Memorizing vocabulary should only be a small part of your new SAT vocabulary studying. The more important skill to learn will be how to identify and figure out the meaning of words in context. This means you should do two things: read challenging articles and learn to pick out and define words. One great (and free!) browser application to help you with this is ProfessorWord,which automatically identifies potential SAT/ACT vocabulary on various pages on the weband then provides a definition. By reading articles, you can make sure to learn realistic vocabulary likely to appear on the new SAT, rather than ultra-specialized words the SAT no longer tests. See the example below which breaks down the SAT/ACT vocabulary in a recent Atlantic article. Screenshot via The Atlantic. The vocabulary words are highlighted. If you don't know the meaning of the word, you can type it into the ProfessorWord box next to "Define." A brief definition will appear, along with links to online dictionaries with more detailed definitions. The way you can turn this into a study exercise is to pull up a challenging article, and see if you can define the highlighted words based on the words around them. Only then do you use the ProfessorWord "Define" feature to look at the actual definition. If you were wrong about a word, write the word and its definition down on a flashcard and study it to naturally expand your vocabulary. If you read one article per day and use ProfessorWord, you will get excellent practice at defining words in context and naturally expand your vocabulary. What Kinds of Articles Should You Be Reading? Any articles from the following publications/newspapers/magazines will contain SAT vocabulary. Make sure to read from different genres, as the new SAT will have passages from US and world literature, history/social studies, and science. For example, don’t just read an article about politics every day, as you will encounter very similar vocabulary and lose the opportunity to learn vocabulary to help with science and literature passages. This is just a small list of publications to get you started. If you have a favorite newspaper or magazine, feel free to incorporate it into your study regimen as long as ProfessorWord finds SAT/ACT vocabulary words in it. Starter List of Publications by Category US and World Literature: The New Yorker, The New York Times Book Review, and short stories published in various popular magazines (Vogue, GQ, Elle) History/Social Science: The New York Times, The Washington Post, Time, The Atlantic, Slate, The Economist, Bloomberg News Science: Wired, Popular Science, Psychology Today Other Tools and Tips Use the Waterfall method to learn vocabulary words. This is an effective memorization strategy that will help you learn words efficiently. We also recommend using Quizlet, an online flashcard program that you can connect to your smartphone. This is a great way to study words on the go – and also an excellent choice for people like me who hate hand writing flash cards. Finally, if you would prefer to hear definitions of words spoken aloud rather than just reading them, use the vocabulary videos at Vocab Ahead to help you master definitions. What’s Next? Want to learn more about SAT Reading beyond just vocab questions? Check out our ultimate SAT Reading study guide. It will teach you the content, skills, and tips you need to improve your SAT Reading score. Not sure what score to aim for on the SAT? Learn how to come up with a target score for the SAT based on the colleges you want to attend. How long should you study for the SAT? Read our guide so you know exactly how many hours to spend on SAT prep. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today!

Phobia essays

Phobia essays What is phobia? Phobia is described as an extreme, irrational fear of a specific object or situation. It is also classified as a type of anxiety disorder, since anxiety is the chief symptom experienced by the sufferer. Phobias are thought to be learned emotional responses. It is generally held that phobias occur when fear produced by an original threatening situation that is transferred to other similar situations, with the original fear often repressed or forgotten. An excessive, unreasoning fear of water, for example, may be based on a forgotten childhood experience of almost drowning. The person accordingly tries to avoid that situation in the future, a response that, while reducing anxiety in the short term, reinforces the person's association of the situation with the onset of anxiety. In todays society, everyone suffers from some type of phobia. They would fall into one of three categories: Agoraphobia, Social phobia, or specific phobia. The first category, Agoraphobia, the pe rson suffers from irrational anxiety about being in places from which might be difficult or embarrassing. How many times have you been in a situation that made you feel uncomfortable or that you really did not want to even go because you felt under the weather? This shows that you might have this type of phobia. Social phobia is an irrational anxiety elicited by exposure to certain types of social or performance situations, also leading to avoidance behavior. Many people, in the world today, suffer from this phobia. Public speaking is the leading fear in todays society. People will go to the high extremes to get out of a speech or an event where they are the center of attention. How many times have you been nervous about giving a speech in front of your class? The last category is specific phobia. This phobia is a persistent and irrational fear in the presence of some specific stimulus which commonly elicits avoidance of that stimu ...

The International Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The International Economy - Essay Example According to the World Bank reports, the net capital flows to developing countries have increased tremendously from $ 28 billion in 1970s to $306 Billion 1997 (World Bank 2001: 110). This has led to increased investments and economic growth of those countries. However, the performance of a nation depends on its structural characteristics, resource endowment and policies or the investment climate. Though developing countries account for a third of world trade, most of its trade is to other developing countries and mainly depends on primary commodity exports. Trade liberalization in these countries therefore has not been able to stimulate economic growth and exports (Parikh 2007). For economic growth to be realised, developing countries need to engage in trade of manufactures and services. If developing countries still remain underdeveloped and the gap between developed and developing countries continues to widen, what then is the role of trade liberalization and investment in the econ omic growth of third world countries? To answer this question, the paper will discuss trade liberalization, investment liberalization, economic growth, and the reasons why there is a wide gap between developed and developing countries. Trade Liberalization There has been a tremendous growth of the world trade for the past 20yrs. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) puts the growth rate at six percent per year (IMF 2001). This has been made possible by various rounds of multilateral trade agreements under GATT which later formed the world Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. The WTO is entrusted with the role of regulating world trade and settling disputes among trading nations and is guided by several principles. The Most favoured Nation (MFN) and national treatment principles guard against any form of discrimination. The trade is also supposed to freerer by removing trade barriers through rounds of negotiations. The trade is also competitive as unfair practices such as damping of pro ducts at cheap prices are not encouraged. The trading partners are guided by the WTO rules hence cannot change trade policies arbitrarily thus the trade is predictable. Another principle of the world trade is that it is to be beneficial to less developed countries. As such, various rounds of negotiations have been going on to decide on how to make trade favourable to developing countries especially by allowing them more time to implement tariff reduction. As a result, most developing countries have opened their economies to trade and are enjoying the benefits. According to Blandford (2007), 2/3 of the current 148 members of WTO are developing countries. Despite opening the economies to trade, most developing countries continue to put restrictions to trade to protect domestic industries. Furthermore, as Parikh (2007) notes, most developed countries continue to put restrictions of access in areas of export interest to developing countries and are also experiencing slow growth hence do not import a lot from those countries. This affects many developing countries that rely on primary commodities for export as their imports outweigh exports resulting in unfavourable terms of trade. Most beneficiaries of trade liberali

The 10 Key Operational Areas At dominoes Research Paper

The 10 Key Operational Areas At dominoes - Research Paper Example All their food and services are of quality by the fact that their employees are regularly trained to offer best services (Bized, 2010). Based of the findings, it should be noted that the senior managing director of Dominos pizza in Saudi Arabia was out of reach during the interview. However, I would like to acknowledge the assistance offered to us by the team members and some of the top managers of the company who allowed us to interview them. Finally, my warm gratitude’s is to you for allowing me to explore much by researching Dominos pizza company and familiarizing myself with exceptional business strategies the company used to grow. This has enhanced my research skills that will be much valuable in other future projects. Domino’s Pizza Company of Saudi Arabia was initially founded in the year 1960 as part of the international Domino pizza group (Bized, 2010). This company is also known to be the world leader in pizza deliveries and the company operates a network of company-owned and Franchise-owned stores in Saudi Arabia (Bized, 2010). In the larger Saudi Arabia, it is absolutely sure that Domino is the most trusted and widely know leading pizza delivery. This is because; the company main objective is to ensure they are perfectly dedicated to the best services, quality production and excellent deliveries (Bized, 2010). The company is flowing on a chain of success having being built by quality services which is customer centered and effective deliveries services they offer. Notable to mention is the fact that over 1000000 people globally enjoy Domino’s pizza on daily basis by the virtue that the company holds over 10000 stores in more than 60 countries on earth (Bized, 2010). This means that the company is well established and their brand is also perfectly recognized internationally. The driving power of Domino’s Pizza Company based in Saudi Arabia is the dedication and single minded focus towards producing the best